Part I. Ch. I.

Part I. Ch. II. Arts of subsistence.

Upon their (men’s) skill in this direction – arts of subsistence – the whole question of human supremacy on the earth depended. Mankind are the only beings who may be said to have gained an absolute control  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (?!) over the production of food. (19) the great epochs of human progress – identified, more or less directly, with the enlargement of the sources of subsistence. (l.c.)

1) natural subsistence upon fruits or roots on a restricted habitat. Primitive period; invention of language. Such kind of subsistence unterstellt a tropical or subtropical climate. Fruit and nutbearing forests under a tropical sun. (20) Were at least partially tree-livers  Übersetzung von Marx.
Schließen (auf Bäumen lebend). ( Lucret. de rerum natura lib. V) [l.c.]

2) fish subsistence; first artificial food, not fully available without cooking; fire first utilized for this purpose. – ⦗hunt for game too precarious ever to have formed an exclusive means of human support.⦘ Upon this species of food mankind became independent of climate and locality; by following the shores of the seas and lakes, and the courses of rivers could, while in the savage state, spread over the greater portion of the earth’s surface. Of the fact of these migrations … abundant evidence in the remains of flint and stone implements found upon all the continents. In Interval bis zur nächsten period important increase in the variety and amount of food; bread roots z. B. cooked in ground ovens; permanent addition of game through improved weapons, especially the bow and arrow; dies kam nach spear u. war club; gab the first deadly weapon for the hunt, appeared late in savagery; Bezeichnet (Bogen u. Pfeil) the upper status of savagery, was iron sword to barbarism, firearms to the period of civilization. bow u. arrow were unknown to the Polynesians in general, and to the Australians. (21) (22)

In Folge der precarious nature of all these sources of food, outside of the great fish areas, cannibalism became the resort of mankind. The ancient universality of this practice is being gradually demonstrated. (22)

3) Farinaceous food through cultivation.

Die cultivation of cereals scheint unbekannt gewesen zu sein im lower u. bis nah zum Ende des middle status of barbarism … in der Oestlichen Hemisphäre den tribes of Asia u. Europe. Dagegen im Lower Status of barbarism in der Westlichen Hemisphäre bekannt den American aborigines; sie hatten horticulture.

Beide Hemisphären ungleich endowed by nature: die Oestliche besass alle Thiere, save one, adapted to domestication u. a majority of cereals; the Western had one cereal (Maize) fit for cultivation, but that the best. Gave the advantage of condition in this period den American aborigines. Aber als die most advanced Eastern tribes, at the commencement of the middle period of barbarism, had domesticated animals giving meat and milk, without a knowledge of the cereals, ihre condition much superior to that of the American aborigines mit maize u. plants, aber ohne domesticated animals. Mit der domestication of animals scheint differentiation der Semitic u. Aryan families heraus aus der Masse der Barbaren begonnen zu haben.|

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Dass die discovery u. cultivation of cereals durch die Aryan family später als domestication von animals beweisen common terms for these animals in the several dialects der Aryan language, and no common terms for cereals or cultivated plants. Ζέα (einziges dieser Worte), philologisch = Sanskrit yavas (bedeutet in Indian barley, in Greek „spelt“).

Horticulture preceded field culture, as the garden (hortos hortus) das field (ager); the latter implies boundaries, the former signifies directly an „inclosed field“.  Zusatz von Marx nach William Smith: A Latin-English dictionary, based upon the works of Forcellini and Freund. London [1855]. S. 508 (hortus) und S. 194 (cŏhors). Marx besaß das Wörterbuch (möglicherweise die Ausgabe von 1857). Es gehörte zu den Büchern, die ihm Wilhelm Wolff bei seinem Tod 1864 hinterlassen hatte (siehe MEGA III/13. Br. 30.95; MEGA IV/18. S. 13.29. Der Verbleib des Exemplars ist nicht bekannt.
Schließen ⦗hortus an inclosed place for plants, hence a garden; from the same root cohors (auch cors, in einigen Mscpt. chors) a yard, a place walled round, a court, (auch cattle-yard); cf. gr. χόρτος, χορός; lat. hortus; german. garten, engl. garden, yard (ital. corte, french court cour, engl. court) (ital. giardino, sp. u. french jardin)[⦘]

Tillage muss aber älter sein als der inclosed garden; erst: tillage of patches of open alluvial land, 2) enclosed space of gardens, 3) field by means of the plow drawn by animal power. Ob die Cultur solcher plants wie pea, bean, turnip, parsnip, beet, squash  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (Kürbisartige Frucht bei Massachusetts Indians) u. melon, one or more of them, preceded the cultivation of the cereals, wissen wir nicht. Einige v. diesen haben common terms in Latin u. Greek, aber keines davon common term mit Sanskrit.

Horticulture im in  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Östlicher Hemisphere seems to have originated more in the necessities of the domestic animals than of in those of mankind. Commences in the Western hemisphere mit Maize; led in America to localization and village life; tended bes. under the village Indians to take the place of fish and game. Von cereals u. cultivated plants mankind obtained their first impression of the possibility of an abundance of food. – Mit farinaceous food verschwindet cannibalism; it survived in war, practised by war parties, unter den American aborigines in the Middle Status of barbarism, z. B. unter Iroquois u. Azteks; but the general practice had disappeared. (Wurde in savagery practicirt upon captured enemies u. in times of famine upon friends and kindred) [22–24]

4) Meat and Milk Subsistence. Absence of animals, adapted to domestication in Westlicher Hemisphäre ausser Llama. Die early Span. writers speak of a „dumb dog“ found domesticated in the West Indian Islands, ditto in Mexico u. Central America; sprechen auch von poultry u. turkeys on the American continent; the aborigines had domesticated the turkey u. die Nahuatlac tribes some species of wild fowl.

Diese Differenz u. die specific differences in the cereals beider Hemisphären producirten essential difference with that portion ihrer inhabitants who had attained to the Middle Status of Barbarism.

The domestication of animals provided a permanent meat and milk subsistence; tribes, die sie besassen, differentiated v. der mass of other barbarians. Den Village Indians ungünstig the limitation upon an essential species of food; haben inferior size of the brain verglichen mit den Indians in the Lower Status of Barbarism.

Vorzüge der Aryan u. Semitic families durch maintenance in numbers of domestic animals. Die Greeks milked their sheep as well as their cows u. goats. ( Ilias IV, 433) Aryans to noch greater extent als Semites.

Domestication of animals – in östl. Hemisphäre – gradually introduced pastoral life, upon the plains of the Euphrates and of India u. den steppes of Asia; on the confines of one or the other of which the domestication of animals first accomplished.  Bei Morgan, S. 25: They were thus drawn to regions
Schließen Sie kamen so von regions , die, so weit entfernt die cradle lands der human race zu sein, were areas they would not have occupied as savages or barbarians in the Lower Status of barbarism, to whom forest areas were natural homes. Nachdem sie sich gewöhnt an pastoral life, unmöglich for either of these families to reenter the forest areas of Western Asia and of Europe with their flocks u. herds, without first learning to cultivate some of the cereals with which to subsist the latter at a distance from the grass plains. Sehr probable that the cultivation of the cereals originated in the necessities of the domestic animals, and in connection with these western migrations; and that the use of farinaceous food by these tribes was a consequence.

In der Western Hemisphere die aborigines advanced generally into the Lower Status of Barbarism, u. ein Theil davon in Middle Status ohne domestic animals, ausser Llama in Peru u. upon a single cereal, maize, mit den adjuncts of bean, squash u. tobacco u. in some areas cacao, cotton u. Pepper. „Maize“ from its growth in the hill – which favoured direct cultivation – from its useableness both green and ripe, from its abundant yield u. nutritive properties, was a richer endowment in aid of early human progress als all other cereals together; hence remarkable progress der American aborigines ohne domestic animals; the Peruvians produced bronze, which stands next to the process of smelting iron ore. [24–26] |

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5) Unlimited subsistence through field agriculture.

The domestic animals supplemented human muscle with animal power, new factor of the highest value. Später production of iron gab Pflug mit an iron point u. a better spade u. axe. Mit diesen u. aus der früheren horticulture, came field agriculture u. damit zuerst unlimited subsistence. Der plow drawn by animal power; damit entsprang thoughts of reducing the forest and bringing wide fields into cultivation. (Lucret. v. 1369). Dense population in limited areas became possible. Vor field agriculture schwerlich dass ½ Million Menschen held together u. developed under one government in any part of the earth. Wo exceptions, they must have resulted from pastoral life on the plains od. von horticulture improved by irrigation, under peculiar u. exceptional condition. [26, 27]

 Zusammenfassung von Marx in eigenen Worten.
Schließen Morgan theilt die Familienformationen (p. 27, 28) ein in:

1) Consanguine family: intermarriage of brothers and sisters in a group; darauf founded (u. dient jetzt als evidence davon) das Malayan system [of] consanguinity.

2) Punaluan family: name derived von der Hawaiian relationship of Punalua. Founded upon the intermarriage of several brothers to each other’s wives in a group; and of several sisters to each other’s husbands in a group. „Brother“ includes here the first, second, third, and even more remote cousins, all considered as brothers; u. „sister“ includes first, 2nd, 3d and even more remote female cousins, all sisters to each others other. Auf this form of family gegründet the Turanian u. Ganowánian systems of consanguinity. Beide Familienformen gehören zu period of savagery.

3) The Syndyasmian family:  Bei Morgan: The term is from συνδυάζω, to pair, συνδυασμός, a joining two together.

Die Zusätze von Marx sind übernommen von Val[entin] Christ[ian] Friedr[ich] Rost: Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch für den Schul- und Handgebrauch. 4., gänzlich umgearb. Aufl. unter Mitw. von Karl Fr[iedrich] Ameis und Gustav Mühlmann. Bd. 1.2. Braunschweig 1852. Bd. 2. S. 474. Dort: συν-δυάζω, 1) paaren; Pass., sich paaren od. begatten, Plat., Plut. […] συνδυάς, […] gepaart Eur. συνδυασμός, […] Paarung, Verbindung Zweier, Plut. – Verweise auf Autoren, bei denen ein Wort in der betreffenden Bedeutung vorkommt, sind erst in die 4. Aufl. aufgenommen). Marx besaß Rosts „Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch“ (siehe MEGA III/13. Br. 30.96; MEGA IV/18. S. 13.31). Der Verbleib des Exemplars ist nicht bekannt. Engels benutzt im „Ursprung“ für „Syndyasmian family“ durchgängig den Ausdruck „Paarungsfamilie“.
Schließen von συνδυάζω ⦗(paaren (συνδυάς gepaart. Eur. ) Passiv: sich paaren od. begatten. Plato, Plutarch ⦘ ⦗συνδυασμός Paarung, Verbindung Zweier. Plutarch.⦘ Founded upon the pairing of a male and a female under the form of marriage, aber ohne an exclusive cohabitation; ist germ der Monogamian family. Divorce or separation at the option of both husband u. wife. Diese Familienform gründet kein besondres Verwandtschaftssystem.

4) The Patriarchal family: founded upon the marriage of one man to several women. In Hebrew pastoral tribes the chiefs and principal men practised polygamy. Little influence on mankind for want of universality.

5) Monogamian family: marriage of one man with one woman, with an exclusive cohabitation; preeminently the family of civilized society, essentially modern. Auf diese Familienform gegründet an independent system of consanguinity.

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Ch. I. The ancient family.

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen ⦗Allerältestes: Hordenwesen mit promiscuity; no family; hier kann nur Mutterrecht irgendwelche Rolle spielen.⦘

 Zusammenfassung von Marx in eigenen Worten. Bei Morgan, S. 384: these forms [types of family] […] create three distinct systems of consanguinity, all of which still exist in living forms. Conversely, these systems are sufficient of themselves to prove the antecedent existence of the forms of the family and of marriage, with which they severally stand connected
Schließen Die Verwandtschaftssysteme gebaut auf different types of family; ihrerseits wieder evidence für Existenz der letzteren, die sie überleben. [384]

Das älteste system of consanguinity, bis jetzt entdeckt, found unter den Polynesians, wovon die Hawaiian als typical genommen; Morgan nennts das Malayan system. Hier alle consanguinei fallen unter die relationship: parent, child, grandparent, grandchild, brother u. sister; keine andre Blutverwandtschaft; ausserdem die marriage relationships. Dies system came in with the »consanguine« family form u. beweist deren alte Existenz; das System prevailed sehr allgemein unter den Polynesians, obgleich die family unter ihnen übergegangen aus consanguine form in punaluan. Letztere von ersterer nicht genug verschieden, um eine Modification des auf erstere gegründeten Verwandtschaftssystems zu produciren. Intermarriage zwischen brothers u. sisters noch nicht ganz verschwunden aus den Sandwichinseln, als amerik. Missionäre sich vor 50 Jahren dort etablirten. Muss auch in Asien geherrscht haben, weil es die Basis des dort noch existirenden Turanian system. [385, 386]

Turanian system war allgemein unter den nordamerik. aborigines u. hinreichend auch in Südamerika nachgewiesen, found in parts of Africa, wo jedoch unter dessen tribes Verwandtschaftssystem sich mehr dem Malayan nähert. Turanisches System noch prevailing in Südindien unter den Hindus der Dravidian language u., in modificirter Form in Nordindien unter den Hindus sprechend dialects der Gaura language; ebenso in Australien in partially developed form. In den principal tribes der Turanian u. Ganowánian families producirt durch punaluan marriage in the group u. die organization into gentes, tending to repress consanguine marriages, by |5 prohibition of intermarriage in the gens, wodurch [es] own brothers u. sisters von marriage relation ausschloss. [386]

The Turanian system recognizes all the relationships known under the Aryan system, aber auch diesem unbekannte. In familiar u. formal salutation the people address each other by the term of relationship, nie by the personal name; wo keine relationship exists, durch „my friend“. [387]

Bei Entdeckung der American aborigines war die family aus der punaluan in ihre syndasmian syndyasmian form übergegangen; so dass die relationships recognized by the system of consanguinity in zahlreichen Fällen nicht die waren die wirklich in der syndasmian syndyasmian family existirten; aber ebenso hatte Malayan system of consanguinity überdauert den Uebergang der consanguine family in die Punaluan. Gradeso überdauerte Turanian system of consang. den Uebergang der punaluan family in die syndasmian syndyasmian . Die Familienform  Bei Morgan, S. 388: advances faster of necessity
Schließen variirt schneller als systems of consanguinity which follow to record the family relationships.  Bei Morgan, S. 388: It required an institution as great as the gentile organization
Schließen Die organization in gentes war nöthig to change the Malayan system in das Turanian; property in the concrete, with its rights of ownership u. inheritance, war nöthig, zusammen mit der monogamian family which it created, to overthrow the Turanian system of consanguinity and substitute the Aryan. [387, 388]

The Semitic, Aryan, od. Uralian system of consanguinity – defining the relationships in the monogamian family – was nicht based upon the Turanian system, wie dies war upon the Malayan, sondern superseded it among civilized nations.

Von den 5 family forms haben 4 existed in der historic period; nur die consanguine disappeared; can aber be deduced v. dem Malayan system of consanguinity. [388]

Marriage between single pairs had existed from the older period of barbarism, under the form of pairing during the pleasure of the parties; wurde stabiler mit advance of society, mit  Bei Morgan, S. 389: progress of inventions and discoveries
Schließen progress durch inventions and discoveries into higher successive conditions. Man began to exact fidelity from the wife, under savage penalties, but he claimed exemption for himself. So unter den Homeric Greeks. Fortschritt v. Homerisch. Zeitalter bis dem von Pericles , with its gradual settlement into a defined institution.  Bei Morgan, S. 390: The modern family is an unquestionable improvement upon that of the Greeks and Romans; because woman has gained immensely in social position.
Schließen So moderne Familie höher als griech. u. röm.;  Zusammenfassung von Marx. Bei Morgan, S. 388: We have a record of the monogamian family, running back nearly three thousand years, during which, it may be claimed there has been a gradual but continuous improvement in its character. […] the stupendous conjugal system […] fastened itself upon mankind in the infancy of their existence, and followed them down to civilization; although steadily losing ground with the progressive improvement of society. The ratio of human progress may be measured to some extent by the degree of the reduction of this system through the moral elements of society arrayed against it. Each successive form of the family and of marriage is a significant registration of this reduction. After it was reduced to zero, and not until then, was the monogamian family possible. […] the creation of five successive forms of the family, each differing from the other, and belonging to conditions of society entirely dissimilar
Schließen Geschichte durchgemacht in histor. Zeit von 3000 Jahren durch die monogamische Familie u. Ehe. Der Fortschritt des alten complicirten »conjugal« system besteht in seiner successive reduction, bis reduced to zero in der monogamian family. Jeder der 5 family types belongs to conditions of society entirely dissimilar . Das Turanian system of consanguinity, which records the relationships in punaluan family, blieb wesentlich unverändert bis zur Etablirung der monogamian family, when it became almost totally untrue to the nature of descents, and even a scandal upon monogamy. z. B. unter dem Malayan system nennt ein Mann seines Bruders Sohn seinen Sohn, weil seines Bruders Frau auch seine Frau ist; u. seiner Schwester Sohn ist auch sein Sohn, weil seine Schwester auch seine Frau ist. Unter dem Turanian system ist seines Bruder’s Sohn immer noch sein Sohn, aus demselben Grund, aber seiner Schwester Sohn ist jetzt sein Neffe, weil under der gentile organization seine Schwester aufgehört hat, seine Frau zu sein. Unter den Iroquois, wo die family syndasmian syndyasmian ist, nennt ein Mann seines Bruder’s Sohn seinen Sohn, obgleich seines Bruder’s Frau aufgehört hat, seine Frau zu sein u. so selbe Incongruenz mit grosser Anzahl andrer relationships, die der existing form of marriage aufgehört haben zu entsprechen. Das System hat die Gebräuche überlebt, worin es entsprang u. erhält sich fort unter ihnen, obgleich in the main untrue, für descents as they now exist. Monogamy kam auf to assure the paternity of children and the legitimacy of heirs. Turanian system konnte durch keine Reform ihm adaptirt werden; stand in schreiendem Gegensatz zur Monogamie; das System ward dropped; aber die descriptive method, stets employed durch die Turanian tribes when they wished to make a given relationship specific, wurde substituted. They fell back upon the bare facts of consanguinity u. described the relationship of each person by a combination of the primary terms; sagten so: Bruder’s Sohn, Bruder’s grandson; father’s brother; father’s brother’s son; each phrase described a person, leaving the relationship a matter of implication; so bei den arischen Nationen, in der ältesten Form bei den Griechischen, latein., sanskritischen, celtischen,  Bei Morgan, S. 392: and also in the Semitic, as witness the Hebrew Scripture genealogies
Schließen semitischen tribes. (Old testament, Genealogies) Traces des Turanian system unter den arischen u. semit. nations down to the historical period, aber essentially uprooted, Descriptive |6 substituted in its place. [389–392]

Jedes der systems of consanguinity expresses the actual relationships existing in the family at the time of its establishment. Die relations v. Mutter u. Kind, Bruder u. Schwester, Grossmutter u. grandchild were stets versicherbar (seit Etablirung irgend einer Form von family), aber nicht die von Vater u. Kind, Grossvater u. grandchild; letzteres nur  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (mindestens officiell?) versicherbar in Monogamie. [392, 393]

Die systems of consanguinity sind classificatory oder aber descriptive. Unter dem ersten System consanguinei »classified« into categories unabhängig von ihrer Nähe od. Entfernung in degree von Ego; der selbe term of relationship applied to all the persons in the same category. z. B. meine eignen Brüder u. die Söhne von den Brüdern meines Vaters sind alle gleichmässig meine Brüder; meine eignen Schwestern u. die Töchter der Schwestern meiner Mutter sind alle gleichmässig meine Schwestern; such is the classification in Malayan u. Turanian systems. Im descriptiven System dagegen die consanguinei bezeichnet durch die primary terms of relationship od. combination dieser terms, wodurch die relationship jeder Person specific gemacht. So im Aryan, Semitic; od. Uralian system, which came in with monogamy; später introducirt a small amount of classification durch inventions of common terms, aber die earliest form of the system – the Erse u. Scandinavian – typical, – purely descriptive. Der radicale Unterschied der Systeme resulted von plural marriages in the group in one case, from single marriages between single pairs in the other. [394]

Relationships zweifach: 1) by consanguinity or blood; diese selbst zweifach, a) lineal u. b) collateral; a) lineal ist die connection unter Persons wovon eine von der andern abstammt; b) collateral ist sie, wo persons descend von common ancestors, aber nicht von einander. 2) by affinity or marriage; marriage relationships exist by custom. Wo marriage between single pairs, each person the Ego from whom the degree of relationship of each person is reckoned u. to whom it returns. His position in the lineal line, which line is vertical. Upon it, above and below him, ancestors and descendants in direct series from father to son; these persons together constitute the right lineal male line. Out of this trunk line emerge the several collateral lines, male and female, numbered outwardly;  Zusammenfassung von Marx.
Schließen in einfachster Form with one brother and one sister etc:

Habe ich several brothers u. sisters, so constituiren sie mit ihren descendants so many independent lines, aber zusammen bilden sie my first collateral line in 2 branches, a male and a female etc etc. [394–396]

 Bei Morgan, S. 396/397: it will be seen at once that a method of arrangement and of description which […] rendered the whole intelligible would be no ordinary achievement. This task was perfectly accomplished by the Roman civilians […] and is so entirely simple as to elicit admiration.
Schließen Dies Zeug einfach summirt durch die Roman civilians ⦗ Pandects lib. XXXVIII, title X. De gradibus, et adfinibus et nominibus eorum; u. Institutes of Justinian lib. III, title V VI: De gradibus cognationis⦘; adoptirt durch principal European nations.

 Bei Morgan, S. 397: These terms finally appeared among the Romans in
Schließen Römer geben bes. Namen:

patruus (for uncle on father’s side) u. amita (for aunt on father’s side);

avunculus (uncle on mothers mother’s side) u. matertera (for aunt on mother’s side)

avus, grandfather, giebt avunculus (a little grandfather); Matertera soll herkommen v. mater u. altera = another mother. – Die Erse, Scandinavian u. Slavonic haben nicht diese röm. method of description angenommen.

The 2 radical forms – the classificatory u. the descriptive [–] yield nearly the exact line of demarcation between the barbarous u. civilized nations. [396, 397]

Powerful influences existed to perpetuate the systems of consanguinity after the conditions under which each originated had been modified or had altogether disappeared. [398] |

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In so complicated system wie das Turanian entwickelte sich natürlich divergence in minor particulars. Das system of consanguinity des Tamil people of South India u. das der Seneca-Iroquois, of New York, sind noch identisch through 200 relationships; a modified form of the system – standing alone – that of the Hindi, Bengali, Marâthi u. other people of North India, ist combination der Aryan u. Turanian systems. A civilized people, the Brahmins, coalesced with a barbarous stock, lost their language in the new vernaculars named, which retain the grammatical structure of the aboriginal speech, wozu das Sanskrit 90% of its vocables gab. Ihre 2 systems of consanguinity came into collision, the one founded on monogamy or syndyasmy u. the other upon plural marriages in the group. [398, 399]

Unter den Indian tribes von North America the family syndyasmian; aber lebten generally in joint-tenement houses u. practised communism within the household. Je mehr wir niedersteigen in der direction der punaluan u. consanguine families, the household group becomes larger, with more persons crowded together in the same apartment. The coast tribes in Venezuela, wo die family punaluan gewesen zu sein scheint, are represented by the Spanish discoverers (Herrera’s : History of America) as living in bell-shaped houses, each containing 160 persons. Husbands u. wives lived together in a group in the same house. [399]

Part III. Ch. II. The Consanguine Family.

 Bei Morgan, S. 401: As first and most ancient form of the institution, it has ceased to exist even among the lowest tribes of savages. […] There are tribes of savages […] seemingly not far removed from the primitive state; but they have advanced beyond the condition the consanguine family implies.
Schließen Existirt in primitivster Form nicht mehr selbst unter lowest savages. Sie ist aber bewiesen durch a system of consanguinity and affinity welches für zahllose Jahrhunderte überlebt hat the marriage customs in which it originated: das Malayan system; it defines the relationships wie sie nur in einer consanguine family existiren konnten; es besitzt an antiquity of unknown duration; die inhabitants of Polynesia included in this system, obgleich die eigentlichen Malays es in einigen Punkten modificirt haben. Hawaiian u. Rotuman forms typical; te the simplest, therefore the oldest. Alle consanguinei, near u. remote, classified under 5 categories:

The 5 categories or grades in the Malayan system appears appear auch in den „Nine Grades of relations“ of the Chinese mit 2 additional ancestors u. 2 additional descendants. [401–404]

The wives of my several brothers, own and collateral, are my wives as well as theirs; für die female, the husbands of her several sisters, own and collateral, are also her husbands. [406]

The several collateral lines are brought into and merged in the lineal line, ascending as well as descending; so that the ancestors and descendants of my collateral brothers and sisters become mine as well as theirs.

All the members of each grade are reduced to the same level in their relationships, without regard to nearness or remoteness in numerical degrees. Auch bei andren Polynesian tribes – ausser Hawaians u. Rotumans – dies System; so unter den Marquesas Islanders u. den Maoris of New Zealand; den Samoans, Kusaiens, King’s Mill Islanders of Micronesia; zweifellos in every inhabitant inhabited island of Pacific except where it verges upon the Turanian. [407–408]

System based auf: intermarriage zwischen own brothers and sisters, and gradually enfolding the collateral brothers and sisters as the range of the conjugal system widened. In dieser consanguine family the husbands lived in polygyny u. die wives in polyandry. It would be difficult to show any other possible beginning of the family in the primitive period. All traces of it had not disappeared among the Hawaiians at the epoch of their discovery –

The system also founded upon the intermarriage of own and collateral brothers and sisters in a group. [408, 409] |

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 Zusammenfassung von Marx in eigenen Worten. Bei Morgan, S. 410/411: All the children of my several brothers, myself a male, are my sons and daughters. Reason: Speaking as a Hawaiian, all the wives of my several brothers are my wives as well as theirs. As it would be impossible for me to distinguish my own children from those of my brothers, if I call any one my child, I must call them all my children. One is as likely to be mine as another. […] All the children of my several sisters, myself a female, are my sons and daughters. Reason: The husbands of my sisters are my husbands as well as theirs. This difference, however, exists: I can distinguish my own children from those of my sisters, to the latter of whom I am a step-mother. But since this relationship is not discriminated, they fall into the category of my sons and daughters. Otherwise they would fall without the system. […] The children can distinguish their own mothers, but not their fathers […] The children of these brothers and sisters are also brothers and sisters to each other; the children of the latter are brothers and sisters again, and this relationship continues downward among their descendants indefinitely.
Schließen The husband in diesem Sinn weiss nicht ob dies od. jenes Kind sein eignes Fabrikat; es ist sein Kind, weil das Kind einer seiner Frauen, die er mit seinen brothers, own od. collateral gemein hat. Die Frau kann dagegen ihre Kinder von denen ihrer sisters unterscheiden; sie wäre ihre step-mother; diese »Categorie« existirt aber nicht im System; ihrer Schwestern Kinder also ihre Kinder. Die Kinder dieser gemeinsamen Eltern könnten sich zwar von mütterlicher Seite unterscheiden, aber nicht von väterlicher: sind daher alle Geschwister. [410, 411]

The marriage relationship extended wherever the relationship of brother and sister was recognized to exist; each brother having as many wives as he had sisters, own or collateral, and each sister as many husbands as she had brothers, own or collateral. [411]

Wherever the relationship of wife is found in the collateral line, that of husband must be recognized in the lineal, and vice versa.

Unter den Kaffern v. Südafrika die wives meiner  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Cousins – father’s brother[’s] son, father’s sister’s son, mother’s brother[’s] son, mother’s sisters sister’s son – are alike my wifes wives. [412]

The larger the group recognizing the marriage relation, the less the evil of close interbreeding. [413]

1820 the American missions established in the Sandwich islands, were chocked shocked at the sexual relations; they fanden dort die punaluan family, with own sisters and brothers not entirely excluded, the males living in polygyny, the females in polyandry; the people had not attained the organization in gentes. Unwahrscheinlich dass die actual family among the Hawaiians was as large as the group united in the marriage relation. Necessity would compel its subdivision into smaller groups for the procurement of subsistence, and for mutual protection; individuals passed wahrscheinlich at pleasure from one of these subdivisions into another in the punaluan as well as consanguine families, giving rise to that apparent desertion by husbands and wives of each other and by parents of their children, mentioned by Rev. Hiram Bingham. (Missionair, amerik., in Sandwich islands) Communism in living must have prevailed both in the consanguine and in the punaluan family als requirement of their condition. It still prevails generally among savage and barbarous tribes. ⦗each smaller family would be a miniature of the group.⦘ [414–416]

Ueber Chinese System of 9 Grades see »Systems of consanguinity« etc p. 415, p. 432. [416, 417]

In Plato’s Timaeus (Ch. II) all consanguinei in the Ideal Republic to fall into 5 categories, in which the women were to be in common as wives and the children in common as to parents.   Zusatz von Marx. Gemeint ist hier Plato: Opera quae feruntur omnia. Recognoverunt Io. Georgius Baiterus, Io. Caspar Orellius, Aug. Guilielmus Winckelmannus. Accedunt integra varietas lectionis Stephanianae, Bekkerianae, Stallbaumianae, scholia et nominum index. Turici 1839. S. 705 l. Sp. (Timaeus, 18c–d). In seinem Ökonomischen Manuskript 1861–1863 hatte Marx Platos zweites Buch der „Republik“ nach der Ausgabe von Baiter, Orelli etc (Zürich 1839) zitiert (MEGA II/3.1. S. 256–258). Siehe auch den ersten Band des „Kapital“ (MEGA II/5. S. 299). Schon im Verzeichnis seiner Bücher aus dem Jahr 1844 in seinem Notizbuch aus den Jahren 1844 bis 1847 wird „Plato opera omnia 2 t.“ erwähnt (MEGA IV/3. S. 6.9). Es könnte sich entweder um diese Ausgabe oder um eine andere im Verlag Meyer & Zeller in Zürich erschienene Ausgabe, die die einzelnen Werke in gesonderten (auch gesondert paginierten) Bänden brachte (Plato: Opera omnia. Recognoverunt Io. Georgius Baiterus, Io. Caspar Orellius, Aug. Guil. Winckelmannus. Editio altera. Vol. 1–21. Turici 1839–1841). Marx’ Exemplare sind nicht überliefert. Sie gehörten wahrscheinlich zu den gestohlenen Werken, über die Marx Engels am 27. Februar 1861 schrieb: „Die Kölner haben schön mit meiner Bibliothek gewirthschaftet. Den ganzen Fourrier gestohlen, dtto Göthe, dtto Herder, dtto Voltaire u. was mir das Scheußlichste, die ‚Economistes du 18e siècle‘ (ganz neu, kosteten mir an 500 fcs) u. viele Bände der griechischen Klassiker, viele einzelne Bände v. andren Werken.“ (MEGA III/11. S. 380.)
Schließen (sieh meine Ausgabe p. 705, erste Columne) Hier dieselben 5 primary grades of relations, Plato bekannt mit hellenischen u. pelasgischen traditions, reaching back in the region of barbarism etc. Seine grades exact die der Hawaiians. [417]

Der state of society indicated by the consanguine family points to an anterior condition of promiscuous intercourse  Klammern und Ausrufezeichen von Marx.
Schließen (in der Horde!)), trotz Darwin. (See Descent of Man II, 360) Sobald die Horde would break up into smaller groups for subsistence, it would fall von promiscuity into consanguine families, welches die first »organized form of society«. [417, 418]

Part III. Ch. III. The Punaluan family.

Existed in Europe, Asia, America within the historical period, in Polynesia within the present century; widely prevailing in the Status of Savagery, remained in some instances among tribes advanced into the Lower Status of barbarism, u. im case der Britons, among tribes im Middle Status of Barbarism.

Geht hervor aus consanguine family durch gradual exclusion of own brothers and sisters from the marriage relation … Commencing in isolated cases, introduced partially at first, then becoming general, and finally universal among the advancing tribes, still in savagery … illustrates the operation of the principle of natural selection. [424, 425]

In dem Australian class system  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (sieh später) evident, that their primary object the exclusion of own brothers and sisters from the marriage relation, während  Verweis von Marx auf S. 425, Fn. 1 des Buchs von Morgan.
Schließen (see the descents of these classes p. 425) the collateral brothers and sisters were retained in that relation. In der Australian punaluan group wie in der Hawaiian the brotherhood of the husbands formed the basis of the marriage relation of one group, and the sisterhood of the wives of the other … the Australian organization into classes upon sex – which gave birth to the punaluan group, which contained the germ of the gens – prevailed wahrscheinlich unter allen tribes of mankind who afterwards fell under the gentile organization. Vor der organization into gentes, which permanently excluded brothers and sisters from the marriage relation by an organic law, letztere noch frequently involved in Punaluan family, wie bei den Hawaiians, die keine organization in gentes noch das Turanian system of consanguinity hatten. [425, 426]

Part III. Ch. IV. The Syndyasmian and the Patriarchal families.

Syndyasmian od. pairing family gefunden bei Entdeckung der American aborigines unter der Portion derselben who were in the Lower State of Barbarism; married pairs, forming clearly marked though but partially individualized families. In dieser family der germ der monogamian family. [453]

Verschiedne der Syndyasmischen families usually found in one house  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗wie bei Südslaven: der monogamischen Familien⦘, forming a communal household  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗wie Südslaven u. in some degree: Russian peasants vor u. nach Leibeignenemancipation⦘, worin the principle of communism in living was practised. Dies fact beweist that the family was too feeble an organization to face alone the hardships of life; aber founded upon marriage between single pairs. Die woman war jetzt etwas mehr als das principal wife of her husband; birth of children tended to cement the union and make it permanent. [453, 454]

Marriages hier founded not upon »sentiment«, but upon convenience and necessity. Die mothers arranged the marriages of their children, ohne deren previous consent od. knowledge; oft so strangers brought into marriage relation; at the proper time they were informed when the simple nuptial ceremony was to be performed. So usages bei Iroquois u. many other Indian tribes. Prior to the marriage, presents to the gentile relatives of the bride, partaking in the nature of purchasing gifts, became feature of these matrimonial transactions. The relation continued only at the pleasure of the parties, Mann oder Frau. Nach u. nach gebildet u. Kraft gewinnend public sentiment gegen diese separations; when dissension arose, erst Vermittlung versucht durch die gentile kindred of each party. Half das nicht, so verliess Weib das Haus ihres Manns, nahm mit ihren personal effects auch die Kinder, regarded as exclusive her own; wo des wife’s kindred predominated in the communal household, was gewöhnlich der Fall, the husband left the home of his wife. So continuance of marriage relations at the option of the parties. [454, 455]

Rev. Arthur Asher Wright , many years a missionary among the Senecas, wrote to Morgan in 1873 hierüber: „As to their families, when occupying the old long-houses … some one clan predominated, the women taking in husbands from the other other clans; and sometimes, for a novelty, some of their sons bringing in their young wives until they felt brave enough to leave their mothers. Usually, the female portion ruled the house … the stores were in common; but woe to the luckless husband or lover who was too shiftless to do his share of the providing. No matter how many children, or whatever goods he might have in the house, he might at any time be ordered to pick up and budge, durfte nicht attempt to disobey. The house would be too hot for him, … he must retreat to his own clan; or, as was often done, go and start a new matrimonial alliance in some other. The women were the great power among the clans, as everywhere else. They did not hesitate, when occasion required, ‘to knock off the horns’, as it was technically called, from the head of a chief, and send him back to the ranks of the warriors. The original nomination of the chiefs also always rested with them.“ Cf: Bachofen: „Das Mutterrecht“ , wo gyneocracy discussed. |

14

Unter den Iroquois, barbarians in Lower Status of barbarism, but of high mental grade, and among the equally advanced Indian tribes generally, verlangten die Männer under severe penalties Keuschheit v. den Weibern, aber nicht reciprocal obligation; polygamy universally recognized as the right of the males, was in practice limited from inability to support the indulgence. In syndyasmian family – absence of exclusive cohabitation. The old conjugal system remained, but under reduced u. restricted forms. [455, 456]

Aehnlich unter den Village Indians in the Middle Status of barbarism. Nach Clavigero (Hist. of Mexico) settled the parents all marriages. „A priest tied a point of the huepilli (gown) of the bride with the tilmatli (mantle of the bridegroom) and in this ceremony the matrimonial contract chiefly consisted.“ Herrera (History of America) says „all that the bride brought was kept in memory, that in cases case they should be unmarried again, as was usual among them, the goods might be parted; the man taking the daughters, and the wife the son sons , with liberty to marry again.“ Polygamy a recognized right of the males among the Village Indians, more generally practiced, than among the less advanced tribes. [456, 457]

In the punaluan family was more or less of pairing from the necessities of the social state, each man having a principal wife among a number of wives and vice versa; so that tendency in the direction of the syndyasmian family. Dies result hauptsächlich hervorgebracht durch die organization into gentes. In dieser organization:

1) Prohibition of intermarriage in the gens excluded own brothers and sisters, and also the children of own sisters, da diese alle in der gens. Bei subdivision der gens the prohibition of intermarriage – with all the descendants in the female line of each ancestor in the gens – followed its branches, for long periods of time, as shown was the case among the Iroquois.

2) The structure der gens created a prejudice against the marriage of consanguinei; war schon sehr general unter den American origines aborigines zur Zeit ihrer Entdeckung. z. B. unter den Iroquois none of the blood relatives enumerated were marriageable. Since es ward nöthig to seek wives from other gentes they began to be acquired by negotiation u. by purchase; scarcity of wives statt previous abundance; so gradually contracted the numbers of in the punaluan group. Such groups have now disappeared, obgleich das [Turanian] system of consanguinity remains.

3) In seeking wives they did not confine themselves to their own, nor even friendly tribes; captured them by force from hostile tribes; hence Indian usage to spare the lives of female captives, while the males were put to death. When wives acquired by purchase and by capture, they not so readily shared  Bei Morgan, S. 459: with others
Schließen as before. This tended to cut off that portion of the theoretical group not immediately associated for subsistence; reduced still more the size of the family and the range of the conjugal system. Practically group limited itself, from the first, to own brothers who shared their wives in common and own sisters who shared their husbands in common.

4) Gens created a higher structure of society than before known. Die marriage of unrelated persons created a more vigorous stock physically and mentally; 2 advancing tribes blended, the new skull and brain would widen and lengthen to the sum of the capabilities of both. –

The propensity to pair, now so powerful in the civilized races, also nicht normal to mankind, but a growth through experience, like all the great passions u. powers of the mind. [457–460]

Warfare under barbarians – from more improved weapons and stronger incentives – zerstört more life als Krieg unter savages; the males trieben stets the trade of fighting; left females in excess; this strenghtened the conjugal system created by marriages in the group; retarded the advancement der syndyasmian family. Dagegen improvement in subsistence, following the cultivation of maize u. plants, favored the general advancement der family (bei den American aborigines). The more stable such a family, the more its individuality developed. Having taken a refuge in a communal household, in which a group of such families succeeded the punaluan group, it now drew its support from itself, from the household and the gentes to which the husbands and wives respectively belonged. Syndyasmian family springing up on the confines of savagery and barbarism, it traversed the Middle and greater part of the Later Period of barbarism, bis superseded by a low form of the monogamian. Overshadowed by the conjugal system of the times, it gained in recognition with the gradual progress of society. [460, 461]

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Morgan sagt, was oft anwendbar, von den Old Britons: (in the middle status of barbarism) »they seem to have been savages in their brains, while wearing the art apparel of more advanced tribes.« [462]

Iron has been smelted from the ore by a number of African tribes, including the Hottentots, as far back as our knowledge of them extends. After producing the metal by rude processes acquired from foreign sources, they have succeeded in fabricating |15 rude instruments and weapons. (463)

Die Entwicklungen müssen studirt werden in areas where the institutions are homogeneous. Polynesia u. Australia best areas for the study of savage society. North u. South America für condition of society in the Lower and Middle Status of Barbarism. M. nimmt an „Asiatic origin of the American aborigines“. Their advent in America could not have been resulted from a deliberate migration, but due to the accidents of the sea, and to the great ocean currents from Asia to the Nortwest coast. (464)

Middle State of barbarism – in 16t century –  Zusammenfassend von Marx. Siehe Morgan, S. 465: In no part of the earth was there to be found such a display of society in this Status
Schließen (splendidly) exemplified by the Village Indians of New Mexico, Mexico, Central America, Grenada, Ecuador and Peru, with its advanced arts and inventions, improved architecture, nascent manufactures and incipient sciences.

Upper Status of barbarism – Grecian, Roman, and later on the German tribes. [465]

Patriarchal family of the Semitic tribes belongs to the Later Period of Barbarism and remained for a time after the commencement of civilization. Chiefs lived in polygamy; dies nicht the material principle of the patriarchal institution. Was diese Familienform wesentlich charakterisirt: Organization of a number of persons, bond and free, into a family, under paternal power, for the purpose of holding lands, and for the care of flocks and herds. Those held to servitude, and those employed as servants, lived in the marriage relation, and with the patriarch as their chief, formed a patriarchal family. Authority over its members and over its property was the material fact.  Zusammenfassung von Marx in eigenen Worten. Bei Morgan, S. 466: It was the incoropration […], before that time unknown, rather than the poligamy, that stamped the patriarcal family with the attributes of an original insititution.
Schließen Das Charakteristische: the incorporation of numbers in servile and dependent relations, before that time unknown. Paternal power over the group; with it a higher individuality of persons. [465, 466]

So auch die Roman family under patria potestas; Macht des pater über Leben u. Tod seiner Kinder u. descendants, wie über slaves und servants who formed the nucleus of the family and furnished its name; his absolute ownership of all the property they created. Without polygamy, the Roman pater familias was a patriarch and his family a patriarchal family. In mindrem Grad selbe Charakteristik der ancient family der Grecian tribes.

The patriarchal family marks the peculiar epoch in human progress when the individuality of the person began to rise above the gens, in which it previously had been merged; its general influence tended powerfully to the establishment of the monogamian family … Its Hebrew and Roman forms exceptional in human experience. Paternal authority »impossible« in the consanguine and punaluan families; began to appear as a feeble influence in the syndyasmian family, ward fully established under monogamy u. beyond all bounds of reason in the patriarchal family of the Roman type. [466, 467]

Part III. Ch. V. The Monogamian Family.

 Bei Morgan, S. 468: Such, in fact, was the most ancient form of the institution made known to us among the Latin, Grecian and Hebrew tribes. Thus, by relation, the patriarchal family was made the typical family of primitive society, conceived either in the Latin or Hebrew form, paternal power being the essence of the organism.
Schließen Mode: patriarchal family – in Latin or Hebrew form – zur typical form of primitive society zu machen. The gens, as it appeared in the later period of barbarism, was understood, but erroneously supposed to be subsequent in point of time to the monogamian family. The gens was treated as an aggregation of families; aber gens entered ganz in phratry, phratry in tribe, tribe into the nation; aber family could not enter entirely into the gens, because husband and wife were necessarily of different gentes. The wife, down to the latest period, counted herself of the gens of her father, and bore the name of his gens under the Romans. As all the parts must enter into the whole, the family could not become the unit of the gentile organization, that place was held by the gens. [468, 469]

family – modern appearence unter  Bei Morgan, S. 469: Latin
Schließen Roman tribes; beweist die Bedeutung von familia, contains same element as famulus = servant.  Das Wort famulus kommt aus dem Oskischen, in dem ein Sklave famul genannt wurde; von da auch das Wort familia.

nominabun(?)tur: Bei Morgan, S. 469, Fn. 1: nominabuntur. Bei Festus: nominabatur.
Schließen Festus sagt: »Famuli origo ab Oscis dependet, apud quos servus famul nominabun(?)tur, unde [et] familia vocata.« Also in seiner primären Bedeutung family unbezogen auf das married pair od. dessen children, sondern in relation to the body of slaves and servants who labored for its maintenance and were under the power of the pater familias. In einigen testamentarischen dispositions ist Familia used als Equivalent für patrimonium, the inheritance which passed to the heir.   der gab […] einem Freunde seine familia d.h. sein Vermögen mancipationsweise […] (Übers. Friedrich Wilhelm Konrad Beckhaus.)
Schließen Gajus instit. II, 102: »Amico familiam suam, id est patrimonium suum mancipio dabat.« Wurde introducirt in Lateinische Gesellschaft to define a new organism, the head of which held wife and children, and a body of servile persons under paternal power. Mommsen nennt die familia a „body of servants“. ( Roman Hist. ) Dieser term also nicht älter als the iron-clad family system |16 of the Latin tribes, which came in after field agriculture and after legalized servitude, as well as after the separation of the Greeks and  Bei Morgan, S. 470: Latins
Schließen Romans . [469, 470]  Kommentar von Marx. Von Engels erwähnt im „Ursprung“ (MEGA I/29. S. 34), ohne sich auf Fourier zu beziehen. Allerdings äußert er sich in der letzten Fußnote des Werkes wie folgt: „Ich beabsichtigte anfangs, die brillante Kritik der Civilisation, die sich in den Werken Charles Fouriers zerstreut vorfindet, neben diejenige Morgan’s und meine eigne zu stellen. Leider fehlte mir die Zeit dazu. Ich bemerke nur, daß schon bei Fourier Monogamie und Grundeigenthum als Hauptkennzeichen der Civilisation gelten und daß er sie einen Krieg des Reichen gegen den Armen nennt.“ (MEGA I/29. S. 113.)
Schließen ⦗ Fourier charakterisirt Epoche der Civilisation durch Monogamy u. Grund Privateigentum. Die moderne Familie enthält im Keim nicht nur servitus (Sklaverei) sondern auch Leibeigenschaft, da sie von vorn herein Beziehung auf Dienste für Ackerbau. Sie enthält in Miniatur alle die Antagonismen in sich, die sich später breit entwickeln in der Gesellschaft u. ihrem Staat.⦘

Mit der syndyasmischen Familie Keim der väterlichen Autorität, entwickelt sich je mehr die neue Familie monogamische Charaktere annimmt. Sobald property began to be created in masses u. the desire for its transmission to children had changed descent from the female line to the male, wurde zuerst a real foundation for paternal power gelegt.  Ferner stehen in unsrer potestas unsre in civilrechtlich anerkannter Ehe erzeugten Kinder. Und dieses Gewaltverhältniß ist den römischen Bürgern eigenthümlich, denn es giebt wol nicht leicht andre Völker, die eine solche potestas über ihre Hauskinder haben wie wir (Übers. Friedrich Wilhelm Konrad Beckhaus.)
Schließen Gajus selbst sagt Inst. I, 55: »Item in potestate nostra sunt liberi nostri ⦗auch jus vitae necisque⦘, quos justis nuptiis procreavimus, quod jus proprium civium Romanorum est: fere enim nulli alii sunt homines, qui talem in filios suos habent potestatem, quod qualem nos habemus.« Monogamy appears in a definite form in the Later Period of Barbarism. [470, 471]

Old Germans: their institutions homogeneous and indigenous. Nach Tacitus marriages strict among them; contented themselves with a single wife, a very few excepted on account of their rank; husband brought dowry to his wife (not vice versa), nämlich a caparisoned horse and a shield, with a spear and sword; by virtue of these gifts the wife was espoused. ( Germania , c. 18) The presents in the nature of purchasing gift – zweifelsohne früher für gentile kindred of the wife – damals schon went to bride.  Sie begnügen sich mit nur einer Gattin (Übers. Josef Lindauer.)

Marx’ Exemplar von C. Cornelii Taciti opera. Ex recensione Io. Augusti Ernesti. T. 2. Lipsiae 1772, der die „Germania“ enthält, ist überliefert (siehe MEGA IV/32. Nr. 1296). Er hat die zitierten Worte dort zunächst mit Grünstift unter- und angestrichen und später noch einmal mit Blaustift unterstrichen. Erwähnt war diese Ausgabe in Marx’ Verzeichnis römischer Autoren in einem seiner Bonner Hefte von 1842 (MEGA IV/1. S. 341), in einem Verzeichnis seiner Bücher in seinem Notizbuch aus den Jahren 1844 bis 1847 (MEGA IV/3. S. 6.29) und in dem von Roland Daniels 1850 zusammengestellten Verzeichnis seiner 1849 in Köln zurückgelassenen Bücher (MEGA IV/5. S. 301.29).
Schließen »Singulis uxoribus contenti sunt« ( Germania , c. 19 18) u. die Weiber  Sie leben […] in umhegter Keuschheit (Übers. Josef Lindauer.)
Schließen »septae septa pudicitia agunt«.

Wahrscheinlich family »sheltered itself in a communal household  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (wie Sudslaven Südslaven) composed of related families. When slavery became an institution, these households would gradually disappear. [«] [471, 472]  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗In fact: die monogamische family unterstellt, um selbstständig, isolated, existiren zu können, überall a domestic class, die in ursprünglich überall direct slaves.⦘

Homeric Greeks: Monogamian family of a low type. the treatment of their female captives reflects the culture of the period with respect to women in general; tentlive tent life of Achilles u. Patroclus ; whatever of monogamy existed, was through an enforced constraint upon wives ⦗some degree of seclusion⦘; . [472, 473]

Der change of descent von der female line to the male schädlich für Position u. Rechte der Frau u. Mutter; ihre Kinder transferred von ihrer gens zur gens ihres husband; sie verlor durch marriage ihre agnatic rights, erhielt kein Equivalent dafür; vor dem change, die Glieder ihrer eignen Gens predominated in the household; dies gave full force to the maternal bond u. machte women rather than men the center of the family. Nach dem change stand sie allein im household ihres husband, isolated from her gentile kindred. Under the prosperous classes her condition of enforced seclusion u. als primary object der marriage to beget children in lawful wedlock (παιδοποιεῖσθαι γνησίως). [473, 474]

Von Anfang bis End unter den Griechen a principle of studied selfishness among the males, tending to lessen the appreciation of women, scarcely found among savages … the usages of centuries stamped upon the minds of Grecian women a sense of their inferiority.  Kommentar von Marx. Engels erwähnt diesen Kommentar im „Ursprung“ (MEGA I/29. S. 35).
Schließen ⦗Aber das Verhältniss der Göttinnen im Olymp zeigt Rückerinnerung an frühere freiere u. einflussreichere Position der Weiber. Die Juno herrschsüchtig, die Weisheit Göttin, springt aus Kopf des Zeus etc⦘  Bei Morgan, S. 474: It was, perhaps, one of the sacrifices required of womankind to bring this portion of the human race out of the syndyasmian into the monogamian family. It still remains an enigma that a race, with endowments great enough to impress their mental life upon the world, should have
Schließen Es war vielleicht … diese Race nöthig, um aus Syndyasmian in Monogamian system herüberzukommen. Greeks blieben barbarians in their treatment of the female sex at the height of their civilization; their education superficial, intercourse with the opposite sex denied them, their inferiority inculcated as a principle upon them, until it came to be accepted as a fact by the women themselves. Das wife not companion equal to her husband, but in the relation of a daughter. [474, 475]

See Becker: Charicles .

 Bei Morgan, S. 477: The growth of property and the desire for its transmission to children was, in reality, the moving power which brought in monogamy to insure legitimate heirs, and to limit their number to the actual progeny of the married pair. A knowledge of the paternity of children […] had not attained the requisite degree of certainty because of the survival of some portion of the ancient jura conjugialia. It explains […]
Schließen Da die moving power which brought in monogamy was – the growth of property and the desire for its transmission to children – legitimate heirs, the actual progeny of the married pair – in the Upper Status of Barbarism sprang up – als protection gegen das survival of some portion of the ancient jura conjugalia – the new usage: the seclusion of wives; plan of [domestic] life among the civilized Greeks – a system of female confinement and restraint. [477] |

17

Roman family: Mater familias was mistress of the family; went into the streets freely ohne restraint by her husband, frequented with the men the theaters and festive banquets; in the house not confined to particular appartments apartments, nor excluded from the table of the men; Roman females daher mehr personal dignity u. independence als griechische; aber marriage gave them in manum viri; war = daughter des husband; he had the power of correction u. of life u. death in case of adultery (mit concurrence of the council of her gens). [477, 478]

Confarreatio, coëmptio, usus, alle 3 Formen der röm. Ehe, gaben Frau in manus des Mannes, fell out under the Empire, when free marriage generally adopted, not placing the wife in manus des Mannes.

Divorce, von frühster Periode, at the option of the parties, (wahrscheinlich transmitted v. Syndyasmian family Period), selten in Republik. (Becker: Gallus) [478]

Licentiousness – so auffallend in Grecian u. Roman cities at the height of civilization – in all probability remains of an ancient conjugal system, never fully eradicated, had followed down from barbarism as a social taint u. now expressed its excesses in the new channel ofhaeterism hetaerism . [479]

 Bei Morgan, S. 480/481: the Aryan, Semitic and Uralian families of mankind formerly possessed the Turanian system of consanguinity, and that it fell into desuetude under monogamy.
Schließen Der Monogamian family entsprach Aryan (Semitic, Uralian) system of consanguinity and affinity. Gentes had their natural origin in the punaluan family. The principal branches of the Aryan  Bei Morgan, S. 481: family
Schließen stock organized into gentes when first known historically;  Bei Morgan, S. 481: sustaining the inference that, when one undivided people, they were thus organized. From this fact the further presumption arises that they derived the organization through a remote ancestry who lived in that same punaluan condition which gave birth to this remarkable and wide-spread institution. Besides this, the Turanian system of consanguinity is
Schließen zeigt dass sie auch dort anfingen u. aus der punaluan family entsprang Turanian system of consanguinity , still found connected with the gens in its archaic form among the American aborigines. Also auch dies ursprüngliches system der Aryans. Im Aryan system of consanguinity – Armuth of original nomenclature for relationship erklärt dadurch dass a large portion of the nomenclature of the Turanian system would fall out under monogamy. Common unter den several Aryan dialects nur: father u. mother, brother u. sister, son u. daughter u. a common term applied indiscriminately to nephew, grandson and cousin (Sanscrit: naptar, lat. nepos, Greek: ἀνεψιός). In so advanced Cultur, wie Monogamy voraussetzt, they could not have arrived mit such a scanty nomenclature of blood relationships. Erklärt with a previous system wie das Turanian, durch impoverishment. [480–482]

Im Turanian system brothers u. sisters – younger u. elder u. the several terms applied to categories of persons including persons not own brothers and sisters. Im Aryan, on basis of monogamy, terms for brother u. sister now in the abstract for the first time u. inapplicable to collaterals.

Remains of a prior Turanian system still appear: So bei Hungarians brothers u. sisters classified als elder u. younger by special terms. French frère (aîné\älter, pûné puîné u. cadet\junger); aînée u. cadette älter u. junger sister. Sanskrit: älter Bruder u. jüngerer (agrajar u. amujar), ditto für Schwester (agrajri u. amujri). If common terms once existed in Greek, Roman etc dialects für elder u. younger brother and sister, their former application to categories of persons, machte sie unanwendbar als exclusiv für own brothers and sisters.

Für grandfather no common term in the Aryan dialects. Sansk. pitameha, Gr. πάππος, lat. avus, Russ. djed, Welsh: hendad. Der term in a previous system (Turanian) was applied nicht nur zu grandfather proper, his brothers and several male cousins, sondern auch to brothers u. several male cousins of his grandmother; konnte daher nicht be made to signify a lineal grandfather and progenitor under monogamy.

Kein term für uncle u. aunt in the abstract u. no special terms für uncle u. aunt väterl. u. mütterl. Seite in den Aryan dialects. Sansk. pitroya, Gr. πάτρως, lat. patruus, Slavonic: stryc; Anglo-Saxon, Belgian, German: eam, oom, oheim for paternal uncle. In der Aryan original speech no term für Onkel mütterlicher Seite, a relationship made so conspicuous by the gens among barbarous tribes. If the previous system Turanian, necessarily a term hierfür, aber restricted to the own brothers of the mother, and her several male cousins; die Categorie schloss numbers of persons ein wovon viele could not be uncles under the monogamian system. [482, 483]

 Bei Morgan, S. 483: Assuming that the nations of the Aryan, Semitic and Uralian families formerly possessed the Turanian system of consanguinity, the transition from it to a descriptive system was simple and natural, after the old system, through monogamy, had become untrue to descents as they would then exist.
Schließen Dagegen erklärt sich, bei früherer Existenz des Turanian Systems (by categories) der Uebergang zu descriptive system auf Basis der Monogamy. Jede relationship under monogamy is specific; persons, under the new system, described by means of the primary terms or combinations of them as brother’s son für nephew, father’s brother für Onkel, father’s brother’s son für cousin. Dies war the original of the present system of the Aryan, Semitic u. Uralian families. The generalizations they now contain |18 were of later origin. All the tribes, die das Malayan u. Turanian system besassen, described their kindred by the same formula, when asked in what manner one person was related to another; nicht as a system of consanguinity, but as a means of tracing relationships. Schluss daraus: nach allgemeiner Errichtung des monogamian systems unter Aryans etc, fielen diese back upon the old descriptive form, always in use under the Turanian system u. dropten diesselbst als useless u. untrue to descents. [483, 484]

Beweis dass das original des present system purely descriptive: Erse – typical Aryan form, Esthonian – typical Uralian – are still descriptive. Im Erse the only terms for the bloodrelationships the primary: father and mother, brother and sister, son and daughter. Alle andre kindred described vermittelst dieser terms, commencing in the reverse order. z. B. brother, son of brother, son of son of brother. The Aryan system exhibits the actual relationships under monogamy, assumes that the paternity of children is known. [484]

Später a method of description, materially different from the Celtic, was engrafted upon the new system; but without changing its radical features; introduced by the Roman civilians, angenommen durch verschiedne Aryan nations, unter denen Roman influence extended. Slavonic System has some features entirely peculiar, of Turanian origin (see: Systems of consanguinity etc p. 40).

Römische Aenderungen: unterschieden väterlichen u. mütterlichen Onkel mit besondern terms dafür, erfanden term für Grossvater als correlative of nepos. Mit diesen terms u. den primary, in connection mit suitable augments, konnten sie systematize the relationships in the lineal u. the first 5 collateral lines, which included the body of the kindred of each individual.

The Arabic system passed through processes similar to the Roman u. mit similar results. [484, 485]

Von Ego to tritavus, in the lineal line, 6 generations of ascendants u. von Ego to trinepos the same number of descendants, in deren description nur 4 radical terms used. Wäre es nöthig to ascend farther, tritavus would become the new starting point of description: tritavi pater bis tritavi tritavus; the 12th ancestor of Ego in the lineal line, male; ebenso trinepotis trinepos etc.

1st collateral line male: frater; fratris filius; fratris nepos; fratris pronepos bis fratris trinepos; wenn zum 12t descendant fratris trinepotis trinepos. Durch diese simple Method frater is made the root of descent in this line.

Same line: female: soror, sororis filia, sororis neptis, sororis proneptis bis sororis trineptis (6th degree) u. sororis trineptis trineptis (12th descendant).

Beide Linien descend von pater; aber, by making the brother and sister the root of descent in the description, the line and its two branches are maintained distinct, and the relationship of each person to Ego is specialized.

2nd collateral line: male on the father’s side: father’s brother, patruus; patrui filius, p. nepos, p. pronepos, p. trinepos, bis patrui trinepotis trinepos.

patrui filius heisst auch frater patruelis, u. in gewöhnl. Volkssprache consobrinus (cousin).

  ingleichen die Brüdersöhne und Brüdertöchter, d.h. diejenigen beiderlei Geschlechts, welche von zwei Brüdern erzeugt worden sind, ferner die Schwestersöhne und Schwestertöchter, d.h. diejenigen beiderlei Geschlechts, die von zwei Schwestern geboren worden, gleichsam Verschwisterte, endlich die Geschwisterkinder beiderlei Geschlechts, d.h. die von einem Bruder und einer Schwester abstammen; alle diese nennt man im gemeinen Leben gewöhnlich Geschwisterkinder [consobrinos]. (Übers. Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sintenis.)
Schließen Pand. lib. XXXVIII, tit. 10 »Item fratres patrueles, sorores patrueles, id. est qui quaeve ex duobus fratribus progenerantur; item consobrini consobrinae, id est qui quaeve ex duobus duabus sororibus nascuntur (quasi consorini consororini ); item amitini amitinae, id est qui quaeve ex fratre ex et sorore propagantur; sed fere vulgos vulgus istos omnes communi appellatione consobrinus consobrinos vocat.«

female on the father’s side. : father’s sister; amita, amitae filius filia, a. neptis, a. trineptis, a. trineptis trineptis; special term for amitae filia amitina.

3d collateral line: male on the father’s side [:] grandfather’s brother – patruus magnus (keine existing language has an original term for this relationship); patrui magni filius, nepos, trinepos, ending with patrui magni trinepotis trinepos.|

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same line female (on father’s side) commences with amita magna, great paternal aunt etc.

4th and 5th collateral lines on the father’s side commence respectively mit patruus major (great grandfather’s brother) u. patruus maximus (great-great-grandfather’s brother). Geht dann wie vorhin: patrui majoris filius, bis trinepos u. patrui maximi filius bis trinepos.

Female branches (on paternal side) commence respectively mit amita major u. amita maxima.

 Bei Morgan, S. 491: When the fact is accepted that the family has passed through four successive forms, and is now in a fifth, the question at once arises whether this form can be permanent in the future. The only answer that can be given is, that
Schließen Mit Bezug auf die present monogamian family: it must advance as society advances, and change as society changes, even as it has done in the past. It is the creature of the social system  Bei Morgan, S. 491/492: and will reflect its culture. As the monogamian family has improved greatly since the commencement of civilization, and very sensibly in modern times, it is at least
Schließen … must be supposable that it is capable of still farther improvement until the equality of the sexes is attained. Should the monogamian family in the distant future fail to answer the requirements of society, assuming the continuous progress of civilization, it is impossible to predict the nature of its successor. (491, 492)

Part III. Ch. VI. Sequence of Institutions connected with the family.

I) Promiscuous intercourse. Leben in Horde; no marriage; far below the lowest savage now living; The ruder flint implements found over part of the earth’s surface, and not used by existing savages, attest extreme rudeness of man’s condition, after he had emerged from his primitive habitat, and commenced, as a fisherman, his spread over continental areas. – Primitive Savage. [500] |

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The consanguine family … recognized promiscuity within defined limits, and those not the narrowest, and its point it points through its organism to a worse condition against which it interposed a shield. [501]

ad V)  In theAustralian male and female classes united in marriage, punaluan groups are found. Among the Hawaiians, the same group is also found, with the marriage custom it expresses. The pulanuan punaluan family included the same persons found in the previous sanguine consanguine , with the exception of own brothers and sisters, who were theoretically if not in every case excluded. [502, 503]

ad VII  Organization into gentes. Unter den Australian classes, the punaluan group is fond found on a broad and systematic scale; the people were also organized in gentes. Here the punaluan family older than the gens, because it rested upon classes which preceded the gentes. … The Turanian system requires both the punaluan family and the gentile organization to bring it into existence. [503]

ad X and XI Tendency to reduce the groups of married persons to smaller proportions before the close of savagery, because the syndyasmian family became a constant phenomenon in the Lower Status of Barbarism. Custom led the more advanced savage to recognize one among a number of wifes wives as his principal wife; this ripened in time into the custom of pairing, and in making this wife a companion and associate in the maintenance of family. … The old conjugal system, now reduced to narrower limits by the gradual disappearance of punaluan groups, still environed the advancing family, which it was to follow to the verge of civilization. … It finally disappeared into the new form of hetaerism, which still follows mankind in civilization as a dark shadow upon the family. … Syndyasmian family subsequent to the gens, which was largely instrumental in its production. From the Columbian Columbia River to the Paraguay, the Indian family was syndyasmian in general, punaluan in exceptional areas, u. monogamian perhaps in none. [503, 504]

ad XIV  It is impossible to overestimate the influence of property in the civilization of mankind. It was the power that brought the Aryan and Semitic nations out of barbarism into civilization. … Governments and laws are instituted with primary reference to its creation, protection and enjoyment. It introduced human slavery as an instrument in its production … With the establishment of the inheritance of property in the children of its owner, came the first possibility of a strict monogamian family.

ad XV  The Monogamian family: As finally constituted, this family assured the paternity of children, substituted the individual ownership of real as well as personal property for joint ownership, and an exclusive inheritance by children in the place of agnatic inheritance. Modern society reposes upon the Monogamian family. [505]

 Bei Morgan, S. 507: that body of eminent scholars
Schließen Alle älteren Burschen – darunter Sir Henry Maine – nehmen Hebrew u. Latin types (patriarchal family) an as producing the earliest organized society … damit hängt zusammen the hypothesis of human degradation to explain the existence of barbarians u. savages. Aber inventions u. discoveries came one by one; the knowledge of a chord cord must precede the bow and arrow, wie gunpowder the musket, steam engine the railway and steamship; so the arts of subsistence followed each other at long intervals u. human tools passed through forms of flint and stones before they were formed of iron. Ebenso institutions [506–508]

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Ch. I. The three rules of inheritance.

»Earliest ideas  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (!) of property« intimately associated mit procurement of subsistence, the primary need. Die objects of ownership vermehren sich natürlich in jeder »successive ethnical period« mit der multiplication der arts wovon die Subsistenzmittel abhängen. Wachsthum v. Eigenthum hält so Schritt mit Fortschritt von Erfindungen u. Entdeckungen. Jede ethnische Periode zeigt so marked advance upon its predecessors, nicht nur in der Zahl der Erfindungen, sondern ebenso in variety and amount of property which resulted therefrom. The multiplicity of the forms of property would be accompanied by the growth of certain regulations with reference to possession and inheritance. The customs upon which these rules of proprietary possession and inheritance depend, are determined by the condition and progress of social organization. The growth of property is thus closely connected with the increase of inventions |21 and discoveries, and the improvement of social institutions which mark the several ethnical periods of human progress. (525, 526)

Ch. II (part IV) The three rules of inheritance continued.

 Bei Morgan, S. 539: The last great period of barbarism

Siehe das Inhaltverzeichnis am Anfang des Kapitels: Property in the Upper Status of Barbarism
Schließen Upper Period of Barbarism commenced in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Process of smelting Iron; trotz Bronze progress arrested durch want of a metal of sufficient strength and hardness for mechanical purposes; found zuerst in iron.  Bei Morgan, S. 539: The accelerated progress of human intelligence dates from this invention.
Schließen Von da Fortschritt rapider. [539]

Ch. I. Organization of Society upon the Basis of sex.

Organization into male and female classes (also organization upon the basis of sex) now found in full vitality among the Australian aborigines. Low down in savagery community of husbands and  Bei Morgan, S. 49: wives
Schließen women , within prescribed lines, was the central principle of the social system: the marital rights (jura conjugialia) ⦗Romans distinguish: connubium, related to marriage as a civil institution, u. conjugium, the mere physical union) ⦘ established in the group. ⦗Emancipation von diesen »rights« etc slowly accomplished durch movements resulting in unconscious reformations; »worked out unconsciously through natural selection«.⦘ [49, 50]

In Darling River District – north of Sydney – die nachfolgende organization into classes on the basis of sex and the inchoate organization into gentes on the basis of kin unter den Australian aborigines speaking the Kamilaroi language. Wide spread selbiges unter other Australian tribes; evident from internal considerations, that the male u. female classes older than the gentes, die, among the Kamilaroi, are in process of overthrowing the classes. The class in its male and female branches is the unit of the social system u. the central position, während die gentes inchoate u. advancing to completeness through encroachments upon the former. Selbe Organization upon sex not yet been found under savage tribes out of Australia, weil diese  Bei Morgan, S. 51: islanders
Schließen insular savages slowly developing in their secluded habitat,  Bei Morgan, S. 51: and the more archaic character of the organization upon sex than that into gentes, suggests the conjecture, that the former may have been universal in such branches of the human family as afterwards possessed the gentile organization.
Schließen die most archaic (organized) form am längsten erhalten haben. [50, 51]

The Kamilaroi divided in 6 gentes, standing with relation to maritime marriage in 2 divisions:

Ursprünglich die ersten 3 gentes not allowed to intermarriage with each [other], weil sie waren subdivisions of one original gens, durften aber marry into either of the other gentes u. vice versa. Dies nun modified unter den Kamilaroi, aber nicht so weit dass marriage erlaubt mit allen gentes ausser dem gens des individual. Absolute prohibition for males or females to marry into their own gens. Descent in female line, which assigns children to the line of their mother. These features of archaic form of gens.

Aber ausserdem existirt weitere u. ältere division des people in 8 classes, 4 exclusively of males u. 4t 4 exclusively of females. It is accompanied with a regulation in respect to marriage and descent which [obstructs] the gens (zeigt, dass deren organization later…[)] Marriage is restricted to a portion of the males of one gens with a portion of the females of another gens, während in entwickelter gentile organization members of each gens allowed to marry persons of the opposite sex in all the gentes except their own.|

30

Die Klassen sind:

 Zusammenfassung von Marx.
Schließen Alle Glieder, je einer der 4 männlichen Klassen, sind, of whatever gens they may be, Brüder v. einander, so alle Ippais Brüder etc, weil alle supposed descended from a common female ancestor.

Ebenso alle Glieder je einer der 4 weiblichen Klassen Schwestern v. einander for same reason (descent from common mother), to whatever gens they may belong.

Ferner all Ippais u. Ippatas Brüder u. Schwestern von einander, ob sie nun children der same mother or collateral consanguinei,  Bei Morgan, S. 53: The Kumbos and Butas are brothers and sisters; and so are the Murris and Matas, and the Kubbis and Kapotas respectively. If an Ippai and Ippata
Schließen ebenso verhält es sich für die folgenden mit denselben numbers bezeichneten Klassen. If a Kumbo u. Buta meet, die sich nie vorher gesehn, begrüssen sie sich als Bruder u. Schwester. Die Kamilaroi sind also organized in 4 great primary groups of brothers and sisters, each group being composed of a male and female branch, but intermingled over the areas of their occupation. The classes embody the germ of gens, so far as z. B. Ippai u. Ippata in fact a single class in 2 branches bilden u. not can intermarry with each other; aber keine realisirte Gens, weil sie fall unter 2 names (wie Ippai u. Ippata), each of which is integral for certain purposes, u. weil their children take different names from their own. [51–53]

Die classes stand to each other in a different order with respect to right of marriage or rather cohabitation (since brothers and sister sisters are not allowed to intermarry), viz. so:

Each male in the selection of a wife so limited to ¼ of all the Kamilaroi wifes wives. Theoretisch jede Kapota the wife of every Ippai. Quotes  Siehe L. Fison: Australian aborigines. Appendices [zu Lewis H[enry] Morgan: Australian kinship]. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Nr. 8. 1873. S. 429–438.
Schließen Rev. Fison quotes von a letter of Mr. T. E. Lance (der lange in Australien gelebt): „if a Kubbi meets a stranger Ippata, the they address each other as Goleer = Spouse … A Kubbi thus meeting an Ippata, even though she were of another tribe, would treat her as his wife, and his right to do so would be recognized by her tribe.“

Under this conjugal system ¼ aller males united in marriage mit ¼ aller females of the Kamilaroi tribes. [53, 54]

Während die Kinder blieben in gens ihrer Mutter, gingen sie über in eine andre Klasse, in selber gens, different from that of either parent.

Folgt man der female line, so Kapota (4) ist die Mutter of Mata (3) u. Mata (5) ist hinwiederum die Mutter of Kapota; ebenso Buta (2) Mutter von Ippata (1) u. hinwiederum Ippata (1) die Mutter von Buta (2). Selbes mit male class; da aber descent in the female line, leiten sich die Kamilaroi tribes selbst ab von 2 supposed female ancestors, which laid the foundation for 2 original gentes. – By tracing the descents still further found that the blood of each class passes through all classes.

Obgleich jedes Individuum einen der oben erwähnten class names führt, so daneben the single personal name common among savages as well as barbarous tribes. [55]

The gentile organization supervened naturally upon the classes as a higher organization, by simply enfolding them unchanged, encroaches then upon them.|

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The classes are in pairs von brothers u. sisters derived from each other u. die gentes, vermittelst der classes, sind auch in pairs wie folgt:

The connection of children with a particular gens is proven by the law of marriage. So Iguana-Mata must marry Kumbo; her children are Kubbi u. Kapota, u. nothwendig Iguana in gens, because descent in the female line. Iguana-Kapota must marry Ippai, her children are Murri u. Mata u. ditto Iguana in gens. So Emu-Ippata must marry Kubbi, her children are Kumbo u. Buta u. of the Emu gens. So die gens maintained by keeping in its membership the children of all its female members. Ebenso mit den remaining gentes. Each gens is made up theoretically of 2 supposed female ancestors, and contains 4 of the 8 classes. Wahrscheinlich ursprünglich nur 2 male u. 2 female classes, set opposite to each other in respect to the right of marriage; and that the 4 afterward subdivided into 8. The classes evidently as an anterior organization nachher arranged within the gentes, not formed by the subdivision of the gentes.

Da die Iguana, Kangaroo u. Opossum gentes are counterparts to each other in the classes they contain, so subdivisions of an original gens; ebenso andrerseits Emu, Bandicoot u. Blacksnake; so 2 original gentes mit dem right in each to marry into the other, but not in itself. Dies confirmed durch das fact, dass 1), 3), 5) originally nicht intermarry durften unter einander, ebensowenig wie 2), 4), 6). When the three were one gens intermarriage unter ihnen verboten; dies followed the subdivisions, because they were of the same descent, although under different gentile names. Dasselbe exact gefunden bei den Seneca-Iroquois. [55–57]

Da marriage restricted to particular classes, when there were but 2 gentes, one half of all the females of one were the wives of one half of all the females males of the other. After their subdivision into 6 the benefit of marrying out of the gens was neutralized by the presence of the classes mit ihren restrictions; hence continuous in-and-in marriages, beyond the immediate degree of brother and sister.

z. B. descents of Ippai u. Kapota giving to each intermediate pair 2 children, a male and a female, dann:

1) Ippai marries Kapota; their children Murri u. Mata. Die letztern 2 können nicht einander heirathen.

2) Murri marries Buta … their children: Ippai u. Ippata;
Mata marries Kumbo … their children: Kubbi u. Kapota;

3) Ippai marries his cousin Kapota u. Kubbi marries his cousin Ippata; their children are respectively Murri u. Mata u. Kumbo u. Buta; von diesen die Murris marry the Butas, second cousins, etc. In this condition the classes not only intermarry constantly, but are compelled to do so through this organization upon sex. – The organization into classes seems to have been directed to the single object of breaking up the intermarriage of brothers and sisters. – Innovation: allowing each triad of gentes to intermarry with each other, to a limited extent; and secondly, to marry into classes, not before permitted[.] So Iguana-Murri can now marry Mata in the Kangaroo gens, his collateral sister etc. Each |32 class of males in each triad of gentes seems now to be allowed one additional class of females in the 2 remaining gentes of the same triad, from which they were before excluded. [57, 58]

Wherever the middle or lower  Bei Morgan, S. 59: stratum
Schließen statum of savagery is uncovered, marriages of entire groups under usages defining the groups, have been discovered … the necessities of their condition would set a practical limit to the size of the group living together under this custom. [59]

»Cases of physical and mental deterioration in tribes and nations must be admitted, for reasons which are known, but they never interrupted the general progress of mankind … The arts by which savages maintain their lives are remarkably persistent. They are never lost until superseded by others higher in degree. By the practice of these arts, and the experience gained through social organizations, mankind have advanced under a necessary law of development, although their progress may have been substantially imperceptible for centuries … tribes and nations have perished through the disruption of their ethnic life.« (p. 60) Among other tribes (non-Australian) the gens seems to have advanced in proportion to the curtailment of the conjugal system. [60]

»We have the same brain, perpetuated by reproduction, which worked in the skulls of barbarians and savages in by-gone ages; and it has come down to us ladened and saturated with the thoughts, aspirations and passions, with which it was busied though through the intermediate periods. It is the same brain grown older and larger with the experiences of the ages … Outcrops of barbarism  Bei Morgan, S. 61: some of the excrescences of modern civilization, such as Mormonism, are seen to be relics of the old savagism not yet eradicated from the human brain. – Morgan dürfte sich besonders auf die von den Mormonen damals gelehrte und praktizierte Polygamie beziehen.
Schließen (wie z. B. Mormonism) are so many revelations of its ancient proclivities … a species of mental avatism atavism .« (61)

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P. II Ch. II The Iroquois Gens.

Aelteste organization – social, founded upon gentes, phratries, tribes; so gentile society created, wo government dealt with persons through their relations to a gens or tribe. These relations purely personal. Kömmt nachher a political organization, founded upon territory u. property; hier government deals with persons through their relations to territory, wie z. B. the township, the county, and the state. (62)

Gentile Organization found in Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Australia; dauert bis political society, die erst mit der Civilization eintritt. Irish Sept, Scottish Clan, die phrara der Albanians, ganas des Sanscrit etc selbes was American Indian gens.

Gens, γένος u. ganas (lat. gr. Sansk.) bedeuten alike kin; enthalten dasselbe Element as gigno, γίγνομαι, ganamai (beget alle 3); implying an immediate common descent of the members of a gens. A gens daher a body of consanguinei. Descended from the same common ancestor, distinguished by a gentile name, and bound together by affinities of blood. It includes a moyety moiety only of such descendants; wo descent in female line, wie überall in archaic period, gens zusammengesetzt of a supposed female ancestor and her children, with the children of her female descendants, through females, in perpetuity; umgekehrt, wo descent in the male line, into which the female line was changed after the appearance of property in masses. Der moderne Familienname ist selbst a survival of the gentile name, with descent in the male line. The modern family, as expressed by its name, is an unorganized gens; with the bond of kind kin broken, and its members as widely dispersed as the family name is found. Final form of gens enthält two changes: 1) change from female to male line of descent; 2) change of the inheritance of the property of a deceased member from his gentiles to his agnatic kindred u. finally to his children. [62–64]

Gens in its archaic form now exists among the American aborigines. [65]

Wo gentile institutions prevailed – and prior to the establishment of political society – we find peoples or nations in gentile societies, and nothing beyond. »The state did not exist.« (p. 67) As the gens, the unit of organization, was essentially democratical, so necessarily the phratry composed of gentes, the tribe composed of phratries, and the gentile society formed by the confederation or  Zusatz von Marx. Siehe Morgan, S. 66.
Schließen (was höhere Form) coalescencing coalescing of tribes. ⦗ Zusatz von Marx. Siehe das Inhaltsverzeichnis von Kapitel XII am Anfang von Morgans Buch, S. XIII.
Schließen wie die 3 röm. in Rom, the 4 tribes of the Athenians in Attica, the 3 Dorian tribes in Sparta, all of them on some common territory⦘ [66, 67]

In der archaic form der gens die children einer Frau gehören zu ihrer gens; ebenso die children ihrer Töchter, Grosstöchter etc aber die children ihrer Söhne, deren Grosssöhne etc belong to other gentes, nämlich denen ihrer Mütter. In the Middle Status of Barbarism (mit Syndyasmian family) began die Indian tribes to change the female line to the male; selbes im Upper Status of Barbarism bei Greek tribes (except the Lycians), u. den Italian tribes (except the Etruskans). [67, 68] |

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Intermarriage in Gens prohibited. Die Gensinstitution beginnt nothwendig mit 2 gentes; the males and females of one gens marrying the females and males of the other; the children, following the gentes of their respective mothers, would be divided between them. Resting on the bond of kin as its cohesive principle, gens verleiht jedem individual member that personal protection which no other existing power could give. [69]

Gentes of the Iroquois taken as standard exemplification in der Ganowánian family. When discovered the Iroquois in the lower status of barbarism; manufactured nets twine and rope from filaments of bark; wove belts and burden straps, with warp and woof, vom selben Material; machten earthern vessels u. pipes von clay mixed with siliceous materials u. hardened by fire, some of them ornamented mit rude medallions; cultivated maize, beans, squashes u. tobacco in garden beds, made unleavened bread von pounded maize which they boiled in earthern vessels (these loaves or cakes about 6 inches in diameter u. an inch thick); tanned skins into leather with which they manufactured kilts, leggins u. moccasins; used bow and arrow and warclub als Hauptwaffen; used flint, stone u. bone implements, wore skin garments, were expert hunters u. fishermen.  Constructed long joint-tenement houses large enough to accommodate 5, 10, 20 families u. each household practised communism in living; were unacquainted mit the use of stone or adobe-brick in house architecture u. mit dem use der native metals. In mental capacity u. general advancement waren they der representative branch der Indian family north of New Mexico. Military „their career was simply terrific. They were the scourge of God upon the aborigines of the Continent.“ [69, 70]

In lapse of time number u. names der respective gentes have slightly varied, their largest number being 8.

Die Changes zeigen, dass certain gentes in some of the tribes became extinct u. dass andre formed by segmentation of overfull gentes. [70]

Das jus gentilicium besteht [in]:

1) The right der gens of electing its sachem und chiefs.

Fast bei allen American Indian tribes 2 grades of chiefs, sachem u. common chiefs; von diesen 2 primary grades all other grades were varieties; elected in each gens from among its members, a son could not be elected to succeed his father, wo descent in the female line, weil er belonged to a different gens. Office of Sachem hereditary in the gens, insofern it was filled so oft als a vacancy occurred; office of chief non-hereditary, weil bestowed in reward of personal merit u. died with the individual. Duties of Sachem confined to peace, konnte nicht in Krieg ziehn as a Sachem. The chiefs, raised to office for personal bravery, wisdom in affairs, or for eloquence in council, gewöhnlich die superior class in ability, aber nicht in authority over the gens. The relation des Sachem was primarily to the Gens, wovon er the official head; die des Chief primarily to the tribe, – von dessen council er wie der Sachem members. [71, 72]

The office of Sachem älter als gens, gehört ebenso zu punaluan group or even the anterior horde. In the gens the duties of this office paternal; in the gens elective among its male members. Dem Indian system of consanguinity entsprechend office of Sachem passed von brother zu brother, or from uncle to nephew u. sehr selten von grandfather to grandson. The choice, by free suffrage of both males and females of adult ages, fiel gewöhnlich auf einen Bruder des deceased Sachem od. einen der Söhne einer Schwester; sein eigner Bruder od. der Sohn einer eignen Schwester meist preferred. Zwischen several brothers, own or collateral, on the one hand u. den sons of several sisters, own or collateral, on the other, no priority of right, da alle male members der gens equally eligible.

Hatte die gens einen gewählt (Sachem) (unter den Seneca-Iroquois z. B.), so noch erfordert assent der 7 remaining gentes. These met for the purpose by phratries; wenn sie die Wahl to confirm verweigerten, musste die gens neu wählen; wurde er accepted, so election complete; aber der neue Sachem musste still »be raised up« (i.e. invested with his office), durch a council of the confederacy, before he could enter upon  Bei Morgan, S. 73: its duties
Schließen his duty; it was their method of conferring the imperium.|

34

Der Sachem of a gens was ex officio a member of the council of the tribe, and of the higher council of the confederacy. Selbe Method of election u. confirmation for the office of a chief; aber a general council never convened to raise up chiefs below the grade of a sachem; they awaited the time when sachems were elected. [72, 73]

Chiefs in each gens usually proportioned to the number of its members; unter den Seneca-Iroquois 1 chief for about every 50 persons; der Seneca nun in New York einige 3000, haben 8 Sachems u. about 60 chiefs; the proportionate number jetzt grösser als früher. Anzahl der gentes in a tribe meist entsprechend der Bevölkerungszahl des tribe; die Zahl der gentes varies in different tribes von 3 unter Delawares u. Munsees to über 20 unter Ojibwas u. Creeks; 6, 8, 10 waren gewöhnliche Anzahlen. [73]

2) Recht Sachems u. Chiefs abzusetzen.

Dies Recht reserved by the members of the gens; office nominally »for life«, tenure practically »during good behaviour«. Die installation eines Sachem hiess: „putting on the horns“, seine Absetzung „taking off the horns“. Sobald ein Sachem od. chief in due form abgesetzt durch gens, war er von nun Privatperson. Council of the tribe konnte auch Sachems u. chiefs absetzen, ohne zu warten auf action der gens, and even against its wishes. [74]

3) Obligation not to marry in the gens.

Diese rule noch inflexible bei den Iroquois. – Bei Entstehung der gens brothers were intermarried to each other’s wives in a group, and sisters to each other’s husbands in a group; gens sought to exclude brothers and sisters from the marriage relation by prohibiting to marry in the gens. [74, 75]

4) Mutual rights of inheritance of the property of deceased members der gens.

Im Status of Savagery property beschränkt auf personal effects; im Lower Status of Barbarism kamen noch hinzu possessory rights in joint-tenement houses u. gardens. The most valuable personal articles buried mit body des deceased owner.

Im übrigen: property to remain in the gens and to be distributed among the gentiles des deceased owner. Dies theoretisch noch rule bei den Iroquois; praktisch the effects einer deceased person appropriated by his nearest relations within the gens. In case of a male his own brothers and sisters and maternal uncle uncles divided his effects amongst each other; in the case of a female her property inherited by her children u. her sisters, to the exclusion of her brothers. In beiden Fällen blieb property in gens. Deshalb nahm husband nichts von wife u. vice versa. These mutual rights of inheritance strengthened the autonomy of the gens. [75, 76]

5) Reciprocal obligations of help, defense, and redress of injuries.

Individual depended for security upon his gens; bond of kin powerful element for mutual support; to wrong a person was to wrong his gens. Herrera: „History of America“ erzählt von den Mayas of Yukatan: wo satisfaction to be made for damages, if he [who was] adjudged to pay was like to be reduced to poverty, the kindred  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (gens) contributed; selbe sagt v. Florida Indians: Stirbt ein Bruder od. Sohn, so verhungern eher the people of the house than seek anything to eat during 3 months, aber kindred u. relations send it all in. Persons, removing von one village to an other another , could not transfer their possessory right to cultivated lands or to a section of a joint-tenement house to a stranger; must leave them to his gentile kindred. Herrera refers to this usage under the Indian tribes of Nicaragua.

Garcilasso de la Vega ⦗ Royal Commentaries Lond. ed. 1688, Rycaut’s Trans. p. 107⦘ bemerkt über die tribes der Peruvian Andes, dass „when the commonalty, or ordinary sort, married, the communities ( = gentes) of the people were obliged to build and provide them houses.“

The ancient practice of blood revenge … had its birthplace in the gens. Tribunals for the trial of criminals and laws prescribing their punishment, came late into existence in gentile society. Unter den Iroquois and other Indian tribes generally, the obligation to avenge the murder of a kinsman universally recognized. Vorher Beilegungsversuch zwischen gens of the slayer u. gens des slayed slain ; a council of the members of each gens held separetely, propositions made on behalf of the murderer for a condonation of the act meist in Form of expression of regret u. presents of considerable value;  Zusammenfassung von Marx.
Schließen zog das alles nicht , weil gentile kindred der slain person implacable, so ernannte die gens (des slain) unter ihren members one or more avengers, die den criminal to pursue, until discovered, and then to slay him wherever he might be found. If they did so, this no ground of complaint by any member of the gens of the victim. [76–78]

|35 6) The right of bestowing names upon the members of the gens.

Unter savage u. barbaric tribes there is no name for the family. The personal names von individuals derselben family indicate no family connection between them. ⦗family name ist nicht älter als die Civilization⦘ Indian personal names, however, usually indicate the gens of the individual to persons of other gentes in the same tribe. As a rule each gens had names for persons that were its special property, and, as such, could not be used by other gentes of the same tribe. A gentile name conferred of itself gentile rights.

After birth of the child his mother selected for him a name, not in use, belonging to the gens, with the concurrence of her nearest relatives. The child not fully christened until its birth u. the name of its father, had been announced at the next ensuing council of the tribe. Bei Tod einer Person, konnte deren Namen Name nicht wieder used werden in the life-time of his oldest surviving son, without the consent of the latter. ⦗Dies wie alles particulare, wenn nicht direct Gegentheil gesagt, gilt von den Iroquois⦘

Zwei classes of names in use, one adapted to childhood, the other to adult life; one „being taken away“ (ihre expression) u. der andre „bestowed“. Im Alter v. 16 od. 18 der erste Name weggenommen, usually durch a chief der gens u. einer der 2ten Klasse statt dessen gegeben. At the next council of the tribe the change of names was publicly announced, after which the person, if a male, assumed the duties of manhood. In some Indian tribes the youth was required to go out upon the war-path and earn his second name by some act of personal bravery. After a severe illness nicht ungewöhnlich for a person, from superstitious considerations, to solicit and obtain a second change of name. When a person was elected a Sachem od. a chief, his name was taken away, and a new one conferred at the time of his installation.

Das Individual had no control over the question of a change; was prerogative der female relatives u. der chiefs; but an adult person might change his name provided he could induce a chief to announce it in council. A person having the control of a particular name, wie der eldest son of that of his deceased father, might lend it to a friend in another gens; but after the death of the person thus bearing it the name reverted to the gens to which it belonged. The names jetzt in use unter den Iroquois u. andern Indian tribes meist ancient names handed down in the gentes from time immemorial.

In familiar intercourse u. formal salutation the American Indians address each other by the term of relationship the person spoken to sustains to the speaker. When related they salute by kin; wenn nicht, they substitute „my friend“. Gälte für lümmelhaft to address an Indian by his personal name, or to inquire his name directly from himself.  Bei Morgan, S. 80: Our Saxon ancestors
Schließen Anglo-Saxons Saxon ancestors der »English« hatten bis Norman Conquest nur single personal names, no name to designate the family. Zeigt an späte Erscheinung der Monogamie; u. Existenz in früherer Periode von a Saxon gens. [78–80]

7) The right of adopting strangers into the gens.

Captives taken in war either put to death, or adopted into some gens;  Bei Morgan, S. 80: Women and children taken prisoners usually experienced clemency in this form
Schließen letztres mit women u. children, taken prisoners, usual. Adoption not only conferred gentile rights, sondern auch die nationality of the tribe.

The person adopting a captive placed him or her in the relation of a brother or a sister; if a mother adopted, in that of a son or a daughter; and ever afterwards threated treated the person in all respects as though born in that relation.

Slavery, which in the Upper Status of Barbarism became the fate of the captive, was unknown among tribes in the Lower Status in the aboriginal period. Captives when adopted were often assigned in the family the places of deceased persons slain in battle, in order to fill up the broken ranks of relatives. Ausnahmsweise declining gens so replenished, z. B. at certain time die Hawk gens der Senecas so much thinned, dass dem Erlöschen nah; to save the gens, a number of persons from the Wolf gens by mutual consent were transferred in a body by adoption to that of of the Hawk. Das Adoptionsrecht left to the discretion of each gens. Unter den Iroquois die Adoptionsceremonie performed at a public council of the tribe, wodurch turned practically in a religious right rite. [80, 81]

8) Religious  Bei Morgan, S. 81: Religious rites in the gens. Query.
Schließen rights rites in the Gens?

Kann kaum gesagt werden, dass any Indian gens had special religious rites; aber their religious worship [had] mehr od. minder direct connection with the gentes; religious ideas germinated u. forms of worship instituted in gens, expanded from the gens over the |36 tribe, statt special to remain to the gens. So bei den Iroquois 6 annual religious festivals ⦗Maple, Planting, Berry, Green-Corn, Harvest u. New Year’s Festivals⦘ common to all the gentes united in a tribe, observed at stated seasons of the year.

Jede gens furnished a number of „Keepers of the Faith“, male and female, charged mit celebration jener festivals; conducted in selben die ceremonies zus. mit den Sachems u. Chiefs der Tribes who, ex officio [,] „Keepers of the Faith“. With no official head, none of the marks of a priesthood, their functions equal. Die „female keepers of the faith“ bes. charged mit preparation of the feast, provided at all councils at the close of each day for all persons in attendance; was a dinner in common. – Their worship was one of thanksgiving, with invocations des Great Spirit u. der Lesser Spirits to continue to them the blessings of life. (Cf. Morgan’s: League of the Iroquois , p. 182) [81, 82]

9) A common burial place.

Ancient – aber nicht exclusive – mode of burial: by scaffolding the body until the flesh had wasted, danach die bones collected u. preserved in bark barrels in a house constructed for their reception; die belonging zur selben gens usually placed in the same house. Rev. Dr Cyrus Byington found these practices unter den Choctas, 1827; so sagt Adair ⦗ Hist. of the Americ. Indians , p. 183⦘ von den Cherokees: „I saw three of them, in one of their towns pretty near each other … Each house contained the bones of one tribe separately, with the hieroglyphical figures of each family (gens) on each of the oddshaped arks.“ Die Iroquois in ancient times used scaffolds u. preserved the bones of deceased relatives in bark barrels, often keeping them in the house they occupied. They also buried in the ground; im letztern Fall die same gens not always buried locally together, unless they had a common cemetery for the village.  So bei Morgan, S. 83. Soll sein: Asher Wright.
Schließen Rev. Ashur Wright , a missionary among the Senecas, wrote to Morgan: „I find no trace of the influence of clanship in the burial places of the dead … buried promiscuously … they say that formerly the members of the different clans more frequently resided together than they do at present time. As one family they were more under the influence of family feeling, and had less of individual interest.“

At the Tuscarora reservation (near Lewiston), obgleich die Tuscaroras now »Christians«, hat tribe one common cemetery, aber die individuals of the same gens – of Beaver, Bear, Gray Wolf – etc [–] are buried in a row by themselves. Dort husbands u. wives separated u. buried in separate rows; ebenso fathers u. their children; aber found in the same row mothers and their children u. brothers u. sisters.

Unter den Iroquois u. andern Indian tribes in same status of advancement, bei dem funeral of a deseased gentilis, all the members of the gens are mourners; die addresses at the funeral, the preparation of the grave, u. the burial of the body were performed by members of other gentes.

Die Village Indians v. Mexico u. Central America, practiced a  Bei Morgan, S. 84: slovenly
Schließen slow cremation ⦗confined to chief and principal men⦘, ebenso scaffolding u. burying in the ground. [83, 84]

10) A Council of the Gens.

The Council – instrument of government u. supreme authority über gens, tribe, confederacy. Ordinary affairs adjusted durch die chiefs; those of general interest submitted to the determination of the council u. der council sprang from the gentile organization – the Council of Chiefs; its history, gentil, tribal, u. confederate, bis political society intervened, changing Council in Senat.

Simplest u. lowest form of the Council – that of the Gens; a democratic assembly, wo every adult male u. female member had a voice upon all questions brought before it; it elected u. deposed its sachems u. chiefs, ditto „Keepers of the Faith“, it condoned or avenged the murder of a gentilis, it adopted persons into the gens. It was the germ of the higher council of the tribe, and of that still higher of the confederacy, each of which was composed exclusively of chiefs as representatives of the gentes.|

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So dies bei Iroquois u. selbe Rechte der gentes der Grecian u. Latin tribes ⦗save Punkt 1, 2, 6, deren ancient existence doch presumirt werden muss⦘. [84, 85]

All the members of an Iroquois gens personally free, bound to defend each other’s freedom; equal in privileges u. personal rights; Sachem u. chiefs claiming no superiority; a brotherhood bound together by the ties of kin. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, though never formulated, were cardinal principles der Gens u. diese die unit of a social u. governmental system, the foundation, worauf Indian society organized. Erklärt sense of independence u. personal dignity universally an attribute of Indian character.

Zur Zeit der europäischen Entdeckung waren die American Indian tribes generally organized into gentes, with descent in the female line; in einigen Tribes, wie den Dacotas, the gentes had fallen out; in andern, wie unter Ojibwas, den Omahas u. Mayas of Yucatan, descent has changed from female to male line. Throughout aboriginal America die gens nahm ihren Namen von some animal, or inanimate object, never from a person; in this early condition of society, the individuality of persons was lost in the gens; die gentes der Grecian u. Latin tribes in der relativ späten Periode wo sie under historical notice kommen, were (bereits) named after persons. In einigen der tribes, wie bei Moqui Village Indians of New Mexico, the members of the gens claimed their descent from the animal whose name they bore – their remote ancestors having been transformed by the Great Spirit von animal into human form.

In der present condition der Haupt Indian tribes Personenzahl in jeder gens would range v. 100 to 1000.

Except the Polynesian, every family of mankind seems to have come under the Gentile organization. [85–87]

Pt. II. Ch. III. The Iroquois Phratry.

The phratry (φρατρία) a brotherhood, a natural growth from the organization into gentes; an organic union or association of 2 or more gentes of the same tribe for certain common objects. These gentes were usually such as had been formed by the segmentation of an original gens.

Unter den Grecian gentes phratry nearly as constant as the gens; jeder der 4 tribes der Athenians organized in 3 phratries, each composed of 30 gentes; also 4 tribes = 12 phratries = 360 gentes, od. 4 tribes = 4 × 3 phratries = 4 × 3 × 30 gentes. Solch numerisch symmetrische Organisation beweist, dass später [mit] Gesetz herumgearbeitet an der gegebnen division Division v. tribes in phratries u. phratries in gentes. All the gentes of a tribe – as a rule – of common descent u. bearing a common tribal name. The phratric organization had a natural foundation in the immediate kinship of certain gentes as subdivisions of an original gens u. auf dieser basis auch die Grecian phratry originally formed. Das spätere legislative numerical adjustment der Athenian tribes in phratries u. gentes erheischte nur incorporation of alien gentes u. transfer by consent or constraint.

Von den functions der Grecian phratry wenig bekannt: observance of special religious rites; condonation or revenge of the murder of a phratror phrator ; purification of a murderer er penalty of his crime escaped preparatory to his restoration to society. (   Und welche Weihflut seiner Zunft empfängt ihn wol? (Übers. Johann Heinich Voß.)
Schließen »ποία δὲ χέρνιψ φρατέρων προσδέξεται« (Aeschylus, Eumenides, v. 656) [ ) ] In Athen überlebte diese institution die Errichtung of political society unter Cleisthenes ; his its function: to look after the registration of citizens; wurde so guardian of descents u. of the evidence of citizenship. The wife upon her marriage was enrolled in the phratry of her husband u. die children der marriage were enrolled in the gens and phratry of their father. The phratry had still the duty to prosecute the murderer of a phrator in the courts of justice.  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (veränderte Form der Blutrache!) Wären alle details known, we would probably find the phratry connected mit the common tables, the public games, the funerals of distinguished men, the earliest army organzition organization , and the proceedings of councils, as well as in observance of religious rites and the guardianship of social privileges.|

38

Analogue of Greek phratry – the Roman curia.  In die griechische Sprache übersetzt wären diese Begriffe „Phyle“ [„Stammesgemeinschaft“] und „Trittys“ [„Drittel“] für Tribous und „Phratre“ [„Brudergemeinschaft“] und „Lochos“ [„Abteilung“] für Kourie (Übers. Nicolas Wiater.)
Schließen »εἴη δ’ ἂν Ἑλλάδι γλώττῃ τὰ ὀνόματα ταῦτα μεθερμηνευόμενα φυλὴ μὲν καὶ τριττὺς ἡ τρίβους, φράτρα δὲ καὶ λόχος ἡ κουρία« (Dionys. l. II, c. VII; cf. l. II, c. 13)

Jede curia = 10 gentes [und 10 curiae] in each of the 3 Roman tribes, making 30 curiae u. 300 gentes; the curia entered directly into the [functions of] government. The assembly of the gentes – comitia curiata – voted by curiae, each having one collective vote. This assembly the sovereign power of the Roman people down to Servius Tullius . [88–90]

 Bei Morgan, S. 90: The phratry existed in a large number of the tribes of the American aborigines, where it is seen to arise by natural growth, and to stand as the second member of the organic series
Schließen Of organic growth the phratry der American aborigines, wo sie existirte under large number of tribes; had no governmental functions, wie gens, tribe, confederacy; certain social functions, namentlich wichtig when the tribe was large. It presents the phratry in its archaic form and in its archaic functions.

De-ă-non-dă’-a-yoh (Phratry) bedeutet brotherhood. The gentes in the same phratry are brother gentes to each other, and cousin-gentes to those of the other phratry; die Senecas brauchen diese Ausdrücke when speaking of gentes in relation to the phratries. Originally marriage not allowed unter den members der same phratry, aber die Members je einer phratry konnten heirathen into any gens of the other. Dies Verbot  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (die Heirath unter Gliedern derselben Phratry) zeigt, dass die gentes of each phratry were subdivisions of an original gens, u. das Verbot to marry into one’s own gens had followed to its subdivisions. Diese Restriction war seit lang verschwunden, ausser mit Bezug auf marriage eines Individuums in seiner eignen gens. Tradition der Senecas, dass die Bär u. the Deer die original gentes, von denen die andern subdivisions. Also: natural foundation der phratry – the kinship of the gentes of which it was composed. After their subdivision from increase of numbers there was a natural tendency to their reunion in a higher organization for objects common to them all. Dieselben gentes nicht für immer constant in a phratry: wenn das equilibrium in their respective numbers disturbed, transfers of particular gentes from one phratry to the other occurred.

Mit increase of numbers in a gens, followed by local separation of its members, segmentation occurred, and the seceding portion adopted a new gentile name. Aber tradition of their former unity remained u. became the basis of their reorganization in a phratry. [90, 91]

Seven of these gentes selbe wie die der Senecas; the Heron gens verschwunden; Eeel Eel takes it its place, but transferred to the other side.  Bei Morgan, S. 91: The Beaver and the Turtle
Schließen The Snipe u. Beaver gentes also have exchanged fratries phratries. Die Cayugas nennen auch die gentes der same phratry »brother gentes«, die der opposite phratry »cousin gentes[«] . [91]

Hawk (bei den Cayugas) ersetzt durch Ball bei den Onondagas. Composition der Phratries different von der der Senecas. 3 der gentes in der 1st phratry selbe, aber Bear gens now found mit Deer.

Die Onondagas have no Hawk, the Senecas no Eel gens, aber fraternize when they meet, as connected with each other. [91, 92]

Die Mohawks u. Oneidas haben nur 3 gentes: 1) Bear . ; 2) Wolf; 3) Turtle; no phratries. Zur Zeit der Bildung der Confederation seven of the 8 Seneca gentes existed in the several tribes, as shown by the establishment of Sachemships in them; but the Mohawk u. Oneidas had only the 3 named; they had then lost an entire phratry, and one gens of that remaining – if  Die Ausrufezeichen von Marx. Bei Morgan, S. 92: it is assumed
Schließen (!) it is supposed (!) that the original tribes were once composed |39 of the same gentes.

When a tribe organized in gentes u. phratries subdivides, it might occur on the line of the phratric organization. Obgleich die members of a tribe intermingled throughout by marriage, each gens in a phratry is composed of females with their children and descendants through females, who formed the body of the phratry. Would incline to remain locally together, and thus might become detached in a body. Die male members of the gens married to women of other gentes and remaining with their wives would not affect the gens since the children of the males do not belong to its connexion. The gentes and phratries can be followed through every tribe. [92]

The Tuscarora-Iroquois wurden detachirt vom main stock in unbekannter Periode der Vergangenheit, bewohnten die Neuse-river region von North Carolina zur Zeit ihrer Entdeckung. Um 1712 verjagt aus dieser Area, removed to the country der Iroquois, were admitted in die Confederacy as 6th member.

Haben 6 gentes in common with Cayugas u. Onondagas, 5 mit Senecas, 3 mit Mohawks u. Oneidas. The Deer Gens, die sie einst besassen, extinct in modern times. Wolf gens now divided in 2, Gray u. Yellow; ebenso Turtle Gens verdoppelt in Great u. Little. 3 of the gentes in the first phratry the same with 3 in the 1st phratry der Senecas u. Cayugas,  Bei Morgan, S. 93: with the exception that the Wolf gens is double – Da zwar eine „Wolf gens“ bei den Tuscarora doppelt vorkam, aber in ihrer zweiten Phratrie, schloss Marx offenbar, dass Morgan, der sich auf die erste Phratrie bezog, die ebenfalls doppelt, einmal in der ersten und einmal in der zweiten Phratrie vorkommende „Turtle gens“ gemeint haben müsse.
Schließen nur die Wolf Turtle gens double. Da several 100 years zwischen separation der Tuscarora von u. return zu ihren congeners, Beweis of permanence in the existence of a gens. Wie bei den andern tribes, die gentes in der same phratry called brother gentes, die in the other cousin gentes. [92, 93]

Differences in the composition der Phratries zeigen ihre modification to meet changes of condition, (die die sie bildenden gentes befielen, wie Entvölkerung einiger, od. extinction etc) to preserve some degree of  Bei Morgan, S. 93: equality
Schließen equilibrium in the number of phrators in each. Phratric organization unter Iroquois von unvordenklicher Zeit, älter als the confederacy, established über 400 4 centuries ago. Im Ganzen die difference in their composition as to gentes small, beweist permanence der Phratry sowohl als der gens. Die Iroquois tribes hatten 38 gentes u. in 4 of the tribes a total of 8 phratries. [93, 94]

Unter den Iroquois die Phratry theils für social theils für religious objects.

 Nummerierung von Marx.
Schließen 1) Games, gewöhnlich bei tribal u. confederate councils. z. B. in ballgame der Senecas they play by phratries, eine gegen die andre, u.  bet against each other upon the result of the game. Each phratry puts forwards its best players etc. Befor Before das Spiel beginnt, articles of personal property are hazarded upon the results durch members der opposite phratries, are deposited with keepers to abide the event.

 Nummerierung von Marx.
Schließen 2) At a council of the tribe the sachems and chiefs in each phratry usually seated on opposite sides of an imaginary Council-fire u. the speakers addressed the 2 opposite bodies as the representatives of the phratries.

 Nummerierung von Marx.
Schließen 3) Wenn murder committed erst council der gens des slain, dann council der gens des Mörders; aber gens of the criminal calls oft on die other gentes of their phratry (when the slayer u. the slayed belonged to opposite phratries), to unite with them to obtain a condonation of the crime. Dann hielt diese Phratry ein council u. addressed itself hierauf an die andre Phratry to which it sent a delegation with a belt of white wampum asking for a council of the phratry u. an adjustment of the crime. They offered reparation to the family u. gens des murdered in expressions of regret u. presents of value. Negotiations between the 2 councils, bis affirmative or negative Entscheidung erreicht. Influence einer phratry grösser als die einer gens u. by calling into action die opposite phratry condonation wahrscheinlicher, namentlich bei extenuating circumstances. Darum Grecian phratry (vor Civilization) übernahm main management of cases of murder u. also of purification des murderer wenn he escaped punishment; hence, nach Errichtung der polit. society, nimmt phratry die duty of prosecuting the murderer in the courts of justice. [94, 95] |

40

 Nummerierung von Marx.
Schließen 4) At funerals of persons of recognized importance – conspicuous functions der phratries (p. 95, 96). ⦗In the case of a defunct Sachem, the opposite phratry, not his own, sent immediately after the funeral, the official wampum-belt of the deceased ruler to the central council fire at Onondaga, as a notification of his demise. This was retained until the installation of his successor, upon whom it then bestowed as the insignia of his office.⦘

 Nummerierung von Marx.
Schließen 5) Phratry directly concerned in the election of sachems and chiefs of the several gentes. Hatte a gens successor ernannt für ihren deceased Sachem (od. elected a chief of the 2nd grade), so expected as a matter of course that the gentes of the same phratry would confirm the choice; aber manchmal opposition von Seiten der opposite phratry. Dadurch kam action of council of each phratry in’s Spiel.

 Nummerierung von Marx.
Schließen 6) Früher vor modern times had the Senecas »Medecine Medicine lodges«; letztere formed a prominent part of their religious system; to hold a Medicine Lodge was to observe their highest religious rites, and to practice their highest religious mysteries; they had 2 such organizations, one in each phratry; each was a brotherhood, into which new members were admitted by a formal initiation.

Unlike the Grecian phratry u. die Roman curia this Indian phratry had no official head; ebenso no religious functionaries belonging to it as distinguished von gens u. tribe. [97]

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen M. betrachtet die 4 „lineages“ of the Tlascalans who occupied the 4 quarters of the pueblo of Tlascala, als so many phratries (nicht als so many tribes, weil sie occupied the same pueblo and spoke the same dialect). Each „lineage“ od. phratry, had a distinct military organization, a peculiar costume u. banner, and its head war-chief (Teuctli) who was its general military commander. They went forth to battle by phratries.  The organization of a military force by phratries u. by tribes nicht unbekannt den homerischen Griechen. Nestor sagt zu Agamenon Agamemnon :

 Sondere rings die Männer nach Stamm und Geschlecht, Agamemnon; / Daß ein Geschlecht dem Geschlecht beisteh’ und Stämme den Stämmen. (Übers. Johann Heinrich Voß.)

Morgan zitiert hier (S. 98) nur in der englischen Übersetzung. Auf S. 237 zitiert er aber auch den griechischen Originaltext. Marx zitiert an der Stelle seines Exzerpts nicht erneut den griechischen Text und kommentiert nur: „(Siehe oben!)“

Marx zitiert hier wahrscheinlich den griechischen Wortlaut nach der Ausgabe, die er selbst besaß: Homeri Opera omnia ex recensione et cum notis Samuelis Clarkii. Accessit varietas lectionum ms. Iips. et edd. veterum cura Io. Augusti Ernesti, qui et suas notas adpersit. Vol. 1–5. Lipsiae 1759–1764. Vol. 1. S. 88. (Siehe Marx’ Notizbuch aus den Jahren 1844 bis 1847 (MEGA IV/3. S. 6.27) und den Katalog der Bibliothek von Marx, zusammengestellt von Roland Daniels (MEGA IV/5. S. 301.28); der Verbleib des Exemplars ist nicht bekannt.)
Schließen »Κρῖν’ ἄνδρας κατὰ φῦλα, κατὰ φρήτρας, Ἀγάμεμνον,
ὡς φρήτρη φρήτρη φρήτρηφιν ἀρήγῃ, φῦλα δεφύλοις δὲ φύλοις.« ( Hom. Iliad. II, 362–363.) [98]

Die Chocta gentes united in 2 phratries, the first called „Divided People“, containing 4 gentes; the second „Beloved People“, contains also 4 gentes. This separation of the people into 2 divisions by gentes created two phratries. – A tribe hat nie weniger als 2 gentes. The gens increases in number of its members, divides into 2; these again subdivide, and in time reunite in 2 or more phratries. These phratries form a tribe, and its members speak the same dialect. In course of time this tribe falls into several by process of segmentation, which in turn reunite in a confederacy. Such a confederacy is a growth, through the tribe and phratry, from a pair of gentes. [99]

Mohegan Tribe, had 3 original gentes, Wolf, Turtle, Turkey. Each of these subdivided, and the subdivisions became independent gentes, but they retained the names  Bei Morgan, S. 100: of the original gentes
Schließen of the original subdivisions of each gens as their respective phratric names, alias the subdivisions of each gens reorganized into a phratry. Dies beweist conclusively the natural process, wodurch, in course of time, a gens breaks up into several, u. diese remain united in a phratric organization which is expressed by assuming a phratric name.

Selten unter den American Indian Tribes to find such plain evidence of the segmentation of gentes, followed by the formation into phratries of their respective subdivisions. Shows also that the phratry founded upon the kinship of the gentes. As a rule the name of the original gens out of which others had formed – unknown; but in each of these cases it remains as the name of the phratry. Der Name nur einer der 12 Athenian phratries known to us; die der Iroquois had no name but that of brotherhood. [100]