Hinrichs’ Vierteljahrskatalog etc.

Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 24. 1869. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1869.]
Schließen

1869

Dorn, Alex., Rückblicke auf die Entwicklung der ungarischen Volkswirthschaft i. J. 1868. (Leip. Wigand) 2/3 Thl.

Hennings, Dr. P. D. Ch., Ueber die agrarische Verfassung der alten Deutschen nach Tacitus und Caesar (Kiel, Homann) 1/3 rth.

Prof. W. S. Teuffel, Geschichte der römischen Literatur. (Leipzig, Teubner)

Scholtze, A., Die Beziehungen zwischen Rom und Hellas vom Sturze der Königsherrschaft bis zum epirotischen Kriege. (Leipzig, Gerhard) 1/3 rth.

Franz Dr. Schöbs Schöps, R. Gellert: Die Praxis des kaufmännischen Geschäfts. (Leipzig, ’66) (Wigand) 1 rth.

Prof. Dr. Ernst Wagner und Gust. Kachel: Die Grundformen der antiken klassischen Baukunst. (Heidelberg, Bassermann) 1 Thl. 2 gr.

Schützenberger (Dr. M. P.) Die Farbstoffe etc Bearb. von Dr. H. Schröder. (Berlin, Gerschel).

Gropp, Herm. Untersuchungen und Erfahrungen über das Verhalten des Grundwassers und der Quellen, mit besonderer Rücksicht f. den Ackerbau etc. (Lippstadt, 1868, Rempel) 121/2 gr.

Hamm’s, Dr. Wilhelm, agronomische Zeitung (Leipzig, Klinkhardt)

Jahresbericht über die landwirthschaftlichen Verhältnisse Schleswig-Holsteins, erstattet im Dec. 1868 (Kiel, Schwers) 24 gr.

Kecht’s, J. S. Verbesserter practischer Weinbau in Gärten und auf Weinbergen. 14 Aufl. (Berlin 1868, Nauk’sche Nauck’sche Buchh.) 11/3 Thlr.

Lippe-Weissenfeld, Armin, Graf zur: Die Grundsätze der Züchtung für den kleineren Landwirth. Ehrenfriedersdorf. (Annaberg, Graser) 1/3 rth.

Löbe, Dr. Will Die Futternoth, deren Vorbeugung und Linderung. (Leipzig, Wöller) 18 gr.

Wilkens Wilckens , Dr. M., Die landwirthschaftlichen Verkehrsverhältnisse Norddeutschlands (Berlin, Schroeder) 1/3 rth.

Ney (Eduard) Die natürliche Bestimmung des Waldes und der Streunutzung. Dürkheim, Lang 1 rth. |

2

Clas (Oberlehrer, G.) Die geognostischen Verhältnisse und Bodenarten Würtembergs in ihrer Beziehung zur Landwirthschaft. Ravensburg, Ulmer. 8 gr.

Creuzburg, Heinr., Die Vertilgung der Raupen und schädlichsten Insekten überhaupten überhaupt. Weimar (1866) Voigt. 18 gr.

Pfeiffer, Ed., Die Consumvereine. 2 Aufl. Stuttgart (Kröner) 2/3 rth.

Schmidt, Chr. W., Die stetige Senkung des Weltmeers auf der nördlichen Halbkugel der Erde und der Südpolar-Welttheil. (Trier, Groppe) 1/6 rth.

Plath (J. H.) Nahrung, Kleidung und Wohnung der alten Chinesen. München 1868 (Franz) 1 rth. 6 gr.

Derselbe: über Schule, Unterricht und Erziehung bei den alten Chinesen. id. 1868. 1/2 rth.

Baur, Dr. Franz: Der Wald und seine Bodenecke Bodendecke im Haushalt der Natur etc. Stuttgart. 1869, 1/6 rth.

Bernhardt, Aug., Die Waldwirthschaft und der Waldschutz mit besond. Berücksichtigung auf die Waldschutzgesetzgebung in Preussen. 1 rth. Berlin, Springer.

Au, Dr. J., die Hilfsdüngemittel in ihrer volks- und privatwirthschaftlichen Bedeutung. (Heidelberg, Bassemann Bassermann) 2 rth.

Au, Dr. J., J. von Liebigs Lehre von der Bodenerschöpfung und die nationalökonomische Bevölkerungstheorie nationalökonomischen Bevölkerungstheorien dargelegt und kritisch untersucht. (Ebd. 1 rth. 16 gr.)

Deiters, K. F., der Kartoffelbau mit C. L. Gülichs Verfahren. (Wismar, Hinstorff) 1/4 rth.

Grimm (Paul), les péchés de Christine et d’Isabella d’Espagne. (Würzburg Julien) 1 rth.

Panhuijs, A. A. F. van, de landgemeente in Friesland (Groningen, J. B. Huber) 1 fl. 50 cts.

Rölly, Prof. J. Ign., Uebersicht der vorzüglichsten Studien und Studienorte im Occident während der römischen Kaiserherrschaft. (Luzern, Gebr. Räber) 6 gr.|

3

W. Müldener Bibliotheca geographica geographico-statistica et oeconomico-politica oder systematisch geordnete Uebersicht der in Deutschland und dem Auslande auf dem Gebiete der gesammten Geographie, Statistik und der Staatswissenschaften neu erschienenen Bücher. 16 Jahrgang 2 Heft Juli–December 1869. Göttingen, Vandenhoeck und Ruprechts Verlag. 12 gr.

do: Bibliotheca mechanico-technologica et oeconomica etc 7 Jahrg. 2 Heft. Juli–Dec. 1868. (Mit e. alphab. Register) 11 gr.

Humpel. M. C. statistische Tableaus über die Bewegung der Bevölkerung etc in der k. k. Reichs-Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien, vom J. 1810–1861. Hrsg. von A. Hensinger (Wien. Braumüller) 1 Thlr.

Jäger, Dr. Ernst Ludwig, die Fortbildung des Bodencredits. (Stuttg. Kröner) 26 gr.

Jaeger, Jul., der menschliche Verkehr und seine Theorie. (München, Franz) 2/3 Thl.

Loehnis (H.) die vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. 2. Ausg. (Leipzig Mayer, 1869.) 11/2 Th.

Maurer, Konr., die Quellenzeugnisse über das erste Landrecht und über die Ordnung der Bezirksverfassung des isländischen Freistaates. (München, Franz) 1 rth. 6 gr.

Sittenlosigkeit, die öffentliche, mit besondrer Beziehung auf Berlin etc. Petition und Denkschrift des Centralausschusses f. die innere Mission der deutschen evangelischen Kirche etc. 1869. Berlin. Enslin. 3 gr.

Fallou Frd. Alb., Grund und Boden des Königreich Sachsen und seiner Umgebung in sämmtlichen Nachbarstaaten in volks- land- und forswirthschaftlicher forstwirthschaftlicher Beziehung, naturwissenschaftlich untersucht. (Dresden, Schönfeld). 11/3 rth.

Rivoli, J., über den Einfluss der Wälder auf die Temperatur der untersten Luftschichten. (Posen, Leitgeber) 1/3 rth.

Trommsdorff, Dr. Hugo, die Statistik des Wassers und der Gewässer, ihre Wichtigkeit und bisherige Vernachlässigung. (Erfurt, Neumann) 1869 1/2 rth. |

4

Maurer (Franz) eine Reise durch Bosnien, die Saveländer und Ungarn. 1870. (Berlin. C. Heymann) 2 Th.

Semper, Dr. C., die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner. (Würzburg, Stuber) 1869. 12/3 th.

Bibliothek der gesammten Handelswissenschaften v. Andree, Bleibtreu, etc. Stuttgart Meier Maier.

Berg, Dr. C. H. Freiherr von, Pürschgang im Dickicht der Jagd- und Forstgeschichte. (Dresden Schönfeld) 12/3 Th.

Ackerhof, A. D., Die Nutzung der Teiche und Gewässer durch Fischzucht und Pflanzenbau. (Quedlinburg, Basse) 2/3 Thl.

Bauer, Dr. Max, nordfranzösische Landwirthschaft etc. (Halle, Pfeffer,) 11/3 rth.

Heuser, Dr. A., Beitrag zur Boden-Ersatzfrage. (Neuwied Heuser) 12 gr.

Kirchbach, J. v., Handbuch f. Landwirthe etc. 7 Aufl. von neuem revidirt von Dr. K. Birnbaum. (Berlin, 1870, Wiegandt und Hempel) 1 Th.

Löbe, Dr. Will., Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der gesammten Landwirthschaft und der in dieselbe einschlagenden industriellen Gewerbe und Hilfswissenschaften des Jahres 1868. (Stuttgart, Cohen und Risch) 27 gr.

Mareck (B) der rationelle Weinbau etc. (Weimar, 1870, B. F. Voigt) 3 rth.

Martin (Wilhelm) Die Hauptlehren der neueren Landwirthschaft. (Ravensburg Ulmer) 3/4 Th.

Mayer, Dr. Ad., Das Düngerkapital und der Raubbau. (Heidelb. C. Winter) 12 gr.

Reitlechner, Prof. Dr. Carl, Lehrbuch der landwirthschaftlichen Maschinenlehre. (Wien, Braumüller) 2 Th.

Schmidt, G. F. v., die Schafzucht und Wollkunde für Schafzüchter und Landwirthe. (Stuttgart, Ebner und Seubert) 1 Th. 14 gr.

Schroeder, Dr. F. H., über zweckmässige Ernährung des Rindviehs. (Bremen, Hampe) 1/6 Th.

Settegast, H., welche Richtung ist der Schafzucht Norddeutschlands der Concurrenz des Auslandes gegenüber zu geben? (Breslau |5 Korn) 1/2 rth.

Ville, Prof. Geo., die chemischen Dünger, Landwirthschaftliche Vorträge gehalten auf dem Versuchsfeld v. Vincennes. (Strassburg, Treuttel und Würtz) 1 rth.

Veegens, J. D., De Banken van leening in Noord-Nederland tot het einde der achttiende eeuw (Rotterdam J. van Baalen en zoonen) 2 Fl.

Laspeyres, Prof. Dr. Etienne, der Einfluss der Wohnung auf die Sittlichkeit. (Berl. Dümmler) 2 Th.

Roscher W. System der Volkswirthschaft. 1 Bd. Die Grundlagen der Nationalökonomie 8 Aufl. (Stuttgart Cotta) 3 Thl.

Schmoller, Gust. Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kleingewerbe im 19 Jh. (Halle, 1870) 2 Th.

Sinnenlust (Die, und ihre Opfer) Geschichte der Prostitution (Berl. 1870, Langmann) 11/2 Th.

Wagner, Prof. Dr. Adolph, System der deutschen Zettelbankgesetzgebung (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1870 Wagner) 2 rth.

Gorkom, K. W. van, die Chinakultur auf Java. Aus dem Holländischen v. C. Haaskarl Hasskarl (Leipzig, Engelmann) 18 gr.

Hehn, Vict., Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Uebergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien, sowie in das übrige Europa. (Berlin, 1870, Gebr. Borntraeger) 3 Thl.

Karsten Prof. Dr. H. Chemismus der Pflanzenzelle etc (Wien, Braumüller) 2/3 Th.

Kerner, A. die Abhängigkeit der Pflanzengestalt v. Klima und Boden (Innsbruck, Wagner) 12 gr.

Linsser, Carl, Untersuchungen über die periodischen Lebenserscheinungen der Pflanzen. 2 Abh. St. Petersburg (Leipzig, Voss.) 5/6 Th.

Mandelblüh, C., Tabellen zur Berechnung der Bodenerschöpfung und des Bodenkraft-Ersatzes. (Leipzig, 1870, Kormann) 2/3 Th.|

6

Schmick; Dr. J. H., Die Umsetzungen der Meere und die Eiszeiten der Halbkugeln der Erde. (Köln, Du Mont-Schauberg) 8 gr.

Trautschold, H., über saekuläre saekulare Hebungen und Senkungen der Erdöberfläche. (Moskau) (Berlin H. Müller) 1/2 Th.

Wiesner, Prof. Dr. Jul., die technisch verwendeten Gummiarten, Harze und Balsame. (Erlangen, Enke) 1 Th. 6 gr.

Boissier, G., Cicero und seine Freunde. Deutsch v. Dr. Ed. Doehler. (Leipzig, Teuber Teubner) 11/2 rth.

Busch. Dr. Mor., Abriss der Urgeschichte des Orients.

Perizonius, H. F. W., Geschichte Ostfrieslands. 3 Bde. Weener 1868. Leer, Securius. 2 Th. 26 gr.

Plath, Dr. J. H., Die Beschäftigungen der alten Chinesen. München, Franz 3/4 Th.

do. – China vor 4000 Jahren. 1 Th. 6 Gr.

Roßbach, Dr. J. Jos., Geschichte der Gesellschaft. Würzburg (Stuber)

Schmidt, Prof. Ad., tableaux de la révol. frç. publiées sur les papiers inédits du département et de la police secrète de Paris. Leipzig. Veit.

Hoffweiler, G. F. von, Sicilien (Leipzig 1870, A. Dürr) 51/2 Th.

Peschel (Osc.) neue Probleme der vergleichenden Erdkunde als Versuch einer Morphologie der Erdoberfläche. (Leipzig, Duncker und Humblot) 1 Th.

Schmidt, Dr. J. F. Jul., Beiträge zur physikalischen Geographie v. Griechenland. (Athen, Wilberg) 2/3 Th.

Bohn, Frdr., die Handelswissenschaft f. angehende Kaufleute. 14 Aufl. bearbeitet v. W. Trempenau. Quedlinburg 1870 Ernst. 11/3 Th.

Brentano, Rect. Dr., Leitfaden für den Unterricht in der Wechsellehre. München, 1870, Fleischmann. 7 gr.|

7

Deutschlands coursirendes etc Papiergeld etc. (Leipzig 1870, Serbe) 21/2 gr.

Henkel, Prof. Dr., Die Naturprodukte und Industrieerzeugnisse im Welthandel (Erlangen, Enke)

Lanzac I, Lehr. Aug., regelrechte landwirthschaftliche Buchführung. Berlin 1850, Mode. 5/6 Thl.

Schlössing, Dir., F. H., Handelsgeographie, Cultur- und Industrie-Geschichte[.] Berlin Langmann und Co.

Schützenberger, Prof. Dr., M. P. die Farbstoffe etc. Berl. Oppenheim.

Vogel, Dr. Max, Die Entwicklung der Anilin-Industrie. (Leipzig 1870)

Burian, Jos. Joh., Das Getreide. (Wien 1870. Beck) 28 gr.

Fortschritte ök. Wochenschrift. Herausg. von Prof. Dr. Phil. Zöller.

Funk, Dr. Vict., das landwirthschaftliche Vereinswesen in Baden. (Karlsruhe, Braun) 18 gr.

Fürstenberg Dr. M. u. Dr. O. Rohde, Die Rindviehzucht nach [ihrem jetzigen rationellen Standpunkt]

Hagedorn T. Ackerbau und Viehzucht nach den Gesetzen der Natur und der Praxis f. strebsame Landwirthe (Leipzig Reichenbach) 11/2 rt

Heiden, Dr. E., Bericht über die Arbeiten der landwirthschaftlichen Versuchsstation des kg. sächsischen Markgrafenthums Oberlausitz zu Pommritz im Juli 1868–69 (Stuttgart 1870, Cohen und Risch) 16 gr.

Knauer, Ferd., die Rübe, das wichtigste Culturgewächs der gemässigten Zone. 2 Aufl. Halle (1861) Pfeffer. 5/6 th.

Komers, A. E., die landwirthschaftliche Betriebsorganisation. Prag, 1870, Calve. 2 Th.

Löbe Dr. Will. Anleitung zum rationellen Anbau der Handelsgewächse. (Stuttgart 1870 Cohen und Risch) 13/4 Th.

id. Die Futterkräuter. 3 Aufl. Leipzig. Baensch. 1/2 Th.|

8

Peetz (Hartwig Freimund) culturhistorische Einblicke in die Alpenwirthschaft des Chiemgaus. (München, Fleischmann) 1/6 Th.

Raumer, Carl v., das Petersen’sche Be- und Entwässerungssystem, ein natürl. Mittel zur Hebung der Productionskraft des Bodens. Berlin 1870. Wiegandt und Hempel. 1/6 Th.

Toussaint, F. W., Anleitung zum rationellen Grasbau etc. Breslau 1870 Kern. 22/3 Th.

Trientl, Adolf, die Verbesserung der Alpenwirthschaft Wien 1870 Gerold’s Sohn. 8 gr.

Versuchsstationen, die landwirthschaftlichen. Organ f. naturw. Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Landwirthschaft. Herausg. v. Dr. Fr. Nobbe (Chemnitz, Focke)

Vogel, Aug., über die Entwicklung der Agrikulturchemie. (München, Franz) 16 gr.

Voigt, Dr. J. F., Geschichtliches über die Gärten um Hamburg, 2 Aufl. Hamburg 1870. Grüning. 1/4 Th.

Wochenblatt, landwirthschaftliches, des k. k. Ackerbauministeriums. Wien. Gerolds Sohn.|

1870 und 71

Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 25. 1870. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1870.]
Schließen

Birnbaum (Karl), das Genossenschaftsprincip in Anwendung und Anwendbarkeit in der Landwirthschaft. (Leipzig, Weissbach) 1 Thlr.

Härlin (A) Der Process gegen Emil Schärr (Zürich, Orell, Füssli) 6 gr.

Mieth- Pacht- und Gesinderecht, das preussische 3 Aufl. Mühlheim a. d. R. Bagel 6 gr.

Sittenlosigkeit (die oeffentliche). Entgegnung auf die gleichnamige Schrift des Central-Ausschusses f. die innere Mission. Hamburg. Grüning. 3 gr.

Stöpel, Dr. Franz, über einige neuere Theorien vom Geld. (Berlin, Puttkammer und Mühlbrecht) Jena 1869. 1/6 Th.

Titz. K. Die Lösung der landwirthschaftlichen Kreditfrage. Berlin (Wiegandt und Hempel) 1/3 rth.

Dümichen, Johs., eine vor 3000 Jahren abgefasste Getreiderechnung. Berlin, Stargardt. 3/4 Th.

Ackermann, G. Fr., die Indogermanen od. der weissen Menschen Kampf gegen den Weltenfrost. Thurm (Leipzig, Sinhuber) 12/3 Th.

Fessler, Ig. Aurel., Geschichte der Ungarn. 2 Aufl. Bearb. v. Ernst Klein. (Leipzig, Brockhaus)

Pfizmaier, Dr. A., die Aufstände Wei-Ngao’s u. Kung-Sün-Scho’s. Wien (Gerold’s Sohn) 1/4 Th.

Allgemeine Beschreibung und Statistik der Schweiz hrsg. v. Dr Max Wirth.

Neumann, Pfr. Robert, Emigrantenführer 1869 (Philadelphia Schäfer u. Konradi.) 1/3 Th.

Waitz, Prof. Dr. Theodor, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, fortges. v. Lehr. Dr. Geo. Gerland. (Leipzig, Fr. Fleischer)

Dr. J. Burger kurze Berichte über die neuesten Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen im Gebiete des Gewerbewesens etc[.] Mannheim, Schneider.|

10

Sauer (George) The Telegraph in Europe (Aachen, Benrath und Vogelgesang.)

Plessner, Ferd., die Herstellung billiger Lokal- und Nebenbahnen in Norddeutschland. Berlin, Ernst und Korn. 1/3 Th.

Biber, R., kritische Skizzen zu Settegast’s Thierzucht. 2 Aufl. Elbing, Neumann-Hartmann 2/3 Th.

Bohm, J. die heutige Lage der Schafzucht Norddeutschlands. Leipzig, Bach. 2/3 Th.

Goltz Prof. Dr. v. der, die heutigen Aufgaben des landwirthsch. Gewerbs u. seiner Wirthschaft. Danzig, Kafemann, 1/3 Th.

Machts, Ferd. Die Werthschätzung landwirthsch. Güter. Wien Hartleben. 2/3 Th.

Neyen, J. A. Die Ackerbaukrise im Grossherz. Luxemburg. Luxemburg, Bück, 4 Gr.

Perels, Dr. Emil, die Dampfbodenkultur (1870) Berlin Wiegandt et Hempel 1/3 Th.

Pitsch, Dr. Otto, die Einführung landwirthsch. Fortbildungsschulen. Bonn (Cohen u. Sohn) 1/6 Th.

Rödiger, F. Bodenverarmung u. Bodenbereicherung etc. Solothurn (Jent und Gassmann Verlag) 4 gr.

Schatzmann R., die Weide- und Milchwirthschaften v. Schweden, Dänemark, Holstein und Holland. (Aarau, Christen) 1/3 Th.

Sterneborg, J. H. Mittheilungen über Kulturversuche an früher versumpften, jetzt trockengelegten und mit Moor bedeckten Flächen. Lippstadt, Staats. 1/4 Th.|

11

Strassberger. M. H. kurz gefasste Anleitung zum rationellen Betrieb des Seidenbaus. Wien, Wenedikt 12 gr.

Schumacher H.: J. H. v. Thünen und Rodbertus. Kapitalisationsprincip od. Rentenprincip? Rostock, Leopold. 1/6 Th.

Fischer- , Kuno, Anti-Trendelenburg. Eine Gegenschrift. 2 Aufl. Jena, Deistung. 12 gr.

Rohlfs, Gerh., Land und Volk in Afrika (1865–70) Bremen, Kühtmann et Co 11/3 Th.

Becker’s Beckers A. Anilinfärberei, neubearb. v. Dr. M. Reimann 4 Aufl. Berlin Grieben.

Verfall, der, unsres transatlantischen Geschäfts. Hamburg, Gassmann, 3 gr.

Beck, Otto, die Waldschutzfrage in Preussen. 1/3 Th. (Trier, Lintz)

Arendt A. Lehrbuch des Land- und Gartenbaus, her. v. C. Schultze Mühlhausen, Heinrichshofen 12 gr.

Fraas, Prof. Dr. C. Das Wurzelleben der Kulturpflanzen und die Ertragssteigerung. Leipz. Kormann. 5/6 Th.

Marold, Spergel u. Seradella. Leipz. Wilfferodt. 12 gr.

Nowacki, Dr. Ant. Untersuchungen über das Reifen des Getreides. Halle, Buchh. des Waisenhauses 5/6 Th.

Roscher W. System der Volkswirthschaft 2. B. Nationalökonomik des Ackerbaus. Stuttgart Cotta. 31/3 Th. (1870)

Wigand Prof. Dr. über Darwins Hypothese Pangenesis. Marburg, Elwert. 4 gr.

Wirth, G. Die Fortschritte der Naturwissenschaften mit bes. Berücksichtig. ihrer praktischen Anwendung. Langensalza, Gressler. In Heften. Heft à 12 gr.

Petzholdt Ant. Alexander, Streifzüge (landwirthsch.) in Frankreich u. Algerien im J. 1862 u. 1868. Leipzig Fries. 32/3 Th.|

12

Walz, Gust., über den Dünger und die Waldstreu. Stuttg. Cotta. 8 gr.

Weidenhammer, Dr. R. die Organisation der landwirthsch. Schulen etc Braunschweig, Helmstedt Beyer 1/2 Th.

Wolff, Ingen. C. Die Landwirthschaft u. die Genossenschaft. Ein Beitrag zum Kampf gegen das Wucherthum. Neuwied Heuser. 1/6 Th.

Huppe Huppé , Dr. S. E. Das sociale Deficit v. Berlin etc Berl. Guttentag 6 gr.

Bitzer, Frdr., die Genesis der Volkswirthschaft 2. Aufl. Stuttgart Schaber (1 Th.)

Schlagintweit-Sakünlünski, Herm. v., Reisen in Indien und Hochasien. Jena 1871. Costenoble.

Mayer, Dr. Ad., Lehrbuch der Agrikulturchemie. Heidelberg Winter.

Reinecke A., der Standpunkt des Wiesenbaues und Vorschläge über die bei Wiesen-Meliorationen zu befolgenden Grundsätze. Lippstadt, Staats. 1/2 Th.

Schneider, A. R., wie ist dem Verfalle der Viehzucht Böhmens vorzubeugen? (Prag, Reichenecker) 6 gr.

Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 26. 1871. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1871.]
Schließen

Steins Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik. Siebente Aufl. C. Hinrichs, Leipzig.

Brentano, Dr. Lujo, Die Arbeitergilden der Gegenwart. Leipzig Duncker u. Humblot. 12/3 Th.

Geschichte, die, der Prostitution u. des Verfalls der Sitten in Berlin seit den letzten 50 J. Altona Verlagsbureau. 1/2 Th.

John, Dr. V., die Vorschuss- und Kreditvereine Böhmens. Leipz. Brockhaus 8 gr.

Wunden, offene, oest.-ungar. Volkswirthschaft. Leipz. O. Wigand. 12 gr.

Zustände, die wirthschaftl. im Süden und Osten Asiens. Berichte der fachmänn. Begleiter der kaiserl. und königl. Expedition nach |13 Siam, China und Japan. Her. im Auftr. des kaiserl. Handelsministeriums in Wien. Stuttgart Maier. 1/4 Th.

Baust, E., die Ursachen, welche die Entwicklung des männl. und weibl. Geschlechts bedingen. Stuttgart, Aue 16 gr.

Reuth, Dr. O., die Fortpflanzung des Menschen, abhängig v. dem freien Willen beider Geschlechter. Altona 1870 11/2 Th.

Boltz, Prof. Dr. August, Lehrgang der russ. Sprache. 2 Theile 4 Aufl. Berlin, Gaertner. 21/3 Th.

Vámbéry, Prof. Herm. Russland’s Machtstellung in Asien. Eine hist.-pol. Studie. Leipz. Brockaus Brockhaus. 1/2 Th.

Lietzmann, J. C. H., die Herstellung der Leder in ihren chem. und physik. Vorgängen wissenschaftlich begründet. Bonn 1870 3 Th.

Reuning Dr., Beiträge zu der Frage üb. die naturgesetzl. und volkswirthschaftl. Grundprincipien des Waldbaus. Dresden, Schönfelds Verl. 8 gr.

Phil. Rothkögel: Centralblatt f. die gesammte Landeskultur des In- und Auslandes. Prag, Reichenecker. 2 Th.

Drechsler, Prof. Dr. Gust., der landwirthschaftliche Pachtvertrag. Halle. Buchh. des Waisenh. 22/3 Th.

Feuser, Pet. Nic., Lehrbuch der Landwirthschaft f. das Volk. 3 Aufl. Wien (Faesy u. Frick) 24 gr.

Müller, Prof. Dr. Frdr., Beiträge zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgesch. der Sprachen. Wien, Gerold’s Sohn. 3 gr.

Actenstücke zum Fallissement der Lauenstein’schen Wagenfabrik-Gesellschaft. Hamburg, Grüning 1/2 Th.

Bevölkerung und Viehstand v. Böhmen, nach der Zählung vom 31 Dec. ’69. Her. v. der k. k. statist. Central-Commission. Wien. Gerold’s Sohn. 21/3 Th.|

14

Emminghaus A. die geschlossenen Hofgüter im Grossherzogthum Baden[.] Berlin Herbig. 1/3 Th.

Heimburg E. v. das Grunderbrecht in seinem Verhältniss zum Geiste unsrer Zeit u. in seinem Einflusse auf den Bauernstand seines Gebiets im Herzogthum Oldenburg. Oldenburg Schulze. 8 gr.

Niendorf, M. Ant., die Rittergüter der oestlichen Provinzen. Berlin Goldschmidt 1/3 Th.

Roscher W. I Bd. Die Grundlagen der Nationalök. 9 Aufl. 31/3 Th.

Verhandlungen der zweiten Session des Landes-Kulturraths in Karlsruhe v. 1–3 Juli 1870. Herausg. vom Gross-badischen Handelsministerium. Karlsruhe Braun. 1 Th. 6 gr.

Zustände die wirthschaftlichen, im Süden und Osten Asiens. Berichte der fachmännischen Begleiter der kais. u. kgl. Expedition nach Siam etc Stuttgart Maier. 12. Lieferung à 1/4 Th.

Martiny, Benno, die Milch, ihr Wesen und ihre Verwerthung. Danzig, Kafemann.

Rossmässler, E. A. Die 4 Jahreszeiten. 3. Aufl. Leipzig Leuckart. 21/2 Th.

Stiebeling Dr. Geo. O. Naturwissenschaft gegen Philosophie. Eine Widerlegung der Hartmannschen Lehre vom Unbewussten. New York, Schmidt. 1 Th.

Prel, Dr. Carl Frhr. du, philosoph. Abhandlung über die Intelligenz des Zufalles und die Berechenbarkeit des Glücks. München 1870 Franz. 4 gr.

Ueberweg. Prof. Dr. Fr. Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. 1 Theil das Alterthum 4 Aufl. Mittler Berlin 1 Th. 16 gr.|

15

Helms, Svenn Henrik, neues vollständ. Wörterbuch der dänischen u. deutschen Sprache. 2 Aufl. Leipzig Holtze. 21/2 Th.

Pelz, Ed. das Mississippi Gesenke. Leipzig, Fleischer, 1/2 Th.

do. einige Worte über Verschiedenheit der Ansichten in Betreff der Auswanderung. ebenda. 1/6 Th.

Hartig Geo. Ludw. Lehrbuch f. Förster nach der 3. Aufl. zeitgemäss bearbeitet von Oberförster Dr. Bernhard [Borggreve]. Berlin Cronbach. 15/6 Th.

Babo Aug. Freih. v. Natur und Landbau. Lahr, Schauenburg.

Baumeister Anleitung zur Schweinezucht etc. 4 Aufl. von Dr. A. Rueff. Stuttgart (Ebner u. Seubert) 1/2 Th.

Dombasle’s höhere Landwirthschaftslehre … durch J. Heinr. im Thurn Schaffhausen, Brodtmann. 16 gr.

Höger Rud. W. Das Ganze der landwirthschaftlichen Geschäftspraktik. Pilsen, Steinhauser u. Korb.

Knop Prof. Dr. W. Die Bonitirung der Ackererde. Leipzig Hässel 18 gr.

Kodolányi, Anton. die Kultur und Zubereitung des Flachses 2 Aufl. Wien, Faesy und Frick. 8 gr.

Löbe Dr. Will. die Ernährung der landwirthschaftlichen Hausthiere. Leipzig Weissbach.

Martin, Wilh., die Rechnung des Landwirths in stufenweisem Gang. Ravensburg, Ulmer. 1 Th. 6 gr.

Müller, Adam, kurzgefasster Unterricht in der Landwirthschaft 2 Aufl. Mainz, Kunze’s Nachf. 1/3 Th.|

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Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 27. 1872. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1872.]
Schließen

1872

Haushofer, Prof. Dr. M., Lehr- und Handbuch der Statistik etc Wien, Braumüller. 22/3 Th.

Jahrbücher für Volks- und Landwirthschaft, her. v. der ökon. Gesellschaft im Königreich Sachsen Dresden, am Ende.

Mach, Prof. E., die Geschichte und die Wurzel des Satzes v. der Erhaltung der Arbeit. Stuttgart Maier. 1 Th.

Nachweisungen, statistische über den Vollzug der Bodenkultur-Gesetze in Baiern. Einleit. von Dr. Geo. Mayr. Hrsg. vom statistischen Bureau. München, Fleischmann. 1 Th. 6 gr.

Richter Emil. die neuesten Prätensionen der preussischen Aristokratie Leipzig Berlin, Luckhardt. 1/4 Thl.

Schmitt, Fr., Statistik des öster.-ungar. Kaiserstaates. In 4 Aufl. neu bearb. v. G. A. Schimmer (Wien, Gerolds Sohn) 1 Th. 4 gr.

Hartwig Dr Geo. Das Leben des Luftmeers. Wiesbaden. Bischkopff 1/3 Th. per Lieferung.

Ueberweg. Prof. Dr. Fr., 3. Theil Grundriss der Geschichte der Philos. 3 Th.

Wolff, Superint. a. D. O., Geschichte der Mongolen od. Tataren. Breslau Dülfer. 11/2 Th.

Hamm, Dr. Wilh., das Wesen und die Ziele der Landwirthschaft etc. Jena Costenoble. 2 Th.

Mayersbach, Leop., die Bodencultur auf dem Karste des oester. illyr. Küstenlandes und im Gebiet der Stadt Triest. Triest, Dase 8 gr. |

17

Meyn, Dr. L. die richtige Würdigung des Peru-Guano in der Landwirthschaft f. den Rest des Jhts. Halle. Buchh. des Waisenh. 1/3 [Th.]

Schmied, Prof. Ant. Adam, die Verhältnisse der Landwirthschaft in Böhmen. Auf Grundlage des Thatbestandes v. Ende Dec. 1870 dargestellt. Prag, Calve. 11/3 Th.

Noah, G. A., Die Centrallandschaft der preussischen Staaten. Berlin, C. Heymann. 1/4 Th.

Perrot, F. Der Kampf gegen die Ausbeutung des Publicums durch den Banknotenschwindel und die Papierpest. Rostock, Kuhn. 11/2 Th.

Tabelle statistische, v. Deutschland mit Oesterreich-Ungarn. Leipzig. G. Schulze 21/2 gr.

Wiss Dr. E. über die Wohnungsfrage in Deutschland. Berlin, Mayer und Müller. 1/3 Th.

Bebber, Dr. Jac. von, die strengen europäischen Winter vom J. 1829–1871. Kaiserslautern, Rohr. 7 gr.

Boehmer Dr. Heinr., Geschichte der Entwicklung der naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung in Deutschland. Gotha, Besser. 1 Th.

Haake, Alb., der Besitz u. sein Werth im homerischen Zeitalter. Berlin, Ebeling und Plahn. 6 gr.

Hudemann Subrekt. Dr. E. E. Die Bauernaufstände in Gallien während der römischen Kaiserzeit. Kiel, Universit. Buchh. 8 gr.

Schlambach, O. Der italische Sklavenaufstand etc Berlin, Calvary et Co. 1/3 Th.

Stephan, Heinr., das heutige Aegypten. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 22/3 Th|

18

Exner Prof. Dr. W. F. die Industrie des Böhmerwaldes. Wien, Rosner. 6 gr.

Verzeichniss der im pr. Staat in der Zeit vom 11 Juni 1870 – 31 Dez. 1871 in das Handelsregister eingetragenen Aktiengesellschaften und Kommanditgesellschaften auf Aktien. Berlin. von Decker. 1/6 Th.

Gallas, E. E. die Regulirung der Flüsse Böhmens etc. Prag, Rziwnatz. 12/3 Th.

Mauch, Prof. J. M. v., die architektonischen Ordnungen der Griechen und Römer. 6 Aufl. mit Text v. Prof. L. Lohde. Fol. Berlin. 45/6 Th.

Schüller, Ingenieur Siegmund, die natürliche Höhe der Eisenbahntarife. Wien, Becksche Univ. Buchh. 12/3 Th.

Ebermayer Oberförster Theodor, die Lehren der Forstwirthschaft Forstwissenschaft. München, Gummi. 1/2 Th.

Kotz, B. W., Skizze einer Forsteinrichtung f. freie Waldbesitzer etc. Prag, André, 24 gr.

Landolt, Oberförster Prof. El., der Wald. Seine Verjüngung, Pflege und Benutzung. 2 Aufl. herausg. vom schweizer Forstverein. Zürich, Schulthess. Lieferung à 1/4 Th.

Bohm, Docent J. Die Schafzucht nach ihrem jetzigen rationellen Standpunkt. Berlin.

Bouché, E., Handbuch des Gemüse- und Obstbaus. Leipzig, Quandt und Händel. 271/2 gr. |

19

Funke, Prof. Dr. Walter, über Untergrundsdüngung u. einen Untergrunds-Düngepflug. Berlin (Wiegandt u. Hempel) 1/2 Th.

Haack, H., die rationelle Fischzucht. Leipzig, Peter. 1/2 Th.

Kurenaer Keurenaer , J. A., die Flachsbereitung in Holland. Berlin (Wieg. und Hempel) 5/6 Th.

Künstler, Gust. die unsren Kulturpflanzen schädlichen Insekten. Wien. 14 gr.

Leisewitz, Prof. Dr. Carl. die Landwirthschaft unter dem Einflusse des in Norddeutschland herrschenden Steuersystems. Berl. Wieg. und Hempel. 12/3 th.

Lidl, Prof. Max, die landwirthschaftlichen Zustände der fruchtbaren Donauebene Niederbayerns. Straubing, 1870 1871, Attenkofer. 1/4 Th.

Löbe, Dr. Will., landwirthschaftlicher Futterbau. Berl. Wieg. und Hempel. 1 Thl.

Sasse, J. W. die wichtigsten Futtergräser zu Feld und Wiesenkulturen. Hannover, Meyer. 1/6 Th.

Sucker, Oswald, die intensive Wirthschaft, die Bedingung des jetzigen Landwirthschaftsbetriebes. Breslau Trewendt. 1/4 Th.

Susta, Jos., die landwirthschaftliche Productions-Rechnung auf chemischer Grundlage. Wien, Faesy und Frick. 2/3 Th.

Weidenhammer, Dr. R. und Dr. A. Hosaeus, Grundriss der landwirthschaftlichen Bodenkunde und Mineralogie. Leipzig, Quandt u. Händel. 1/3 Th. |

20

Grundsteuerveranlagung, Klassifikationstarif. Berlin. v. Decker. 3 gr.

Habermann, Dr. Geo. Studien über Agrargesetzgebung und die Pflege der landwirthschaftlichen Interesse Interessen in Oestreich. Wien. Faesy u. Frick. 1 Th. 8 gr.

Meitzen, Dr. Aug. die Statistik des deutschen Reichs. Leipzig. Duncker u. Humblot. 6 gr.

Mittheilungen, statistische und andre wissenschaftliche, aus Russland. 5 Jahrgg. Mit e. Uebersichtskarte der russ. Eisenbahnen. St. Petersburg. Röttger. 1 Th.

Grouven Dr. Hub. Vorträge über Agrikulturchemie mit bes. Rücksicht auf Thier-Physiologie. (Köln, Hassel.[)] 1. Bd. 3 Aufl. 21/3 Th.

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Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 28. 1873. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1873.]
Schließen

Vierteljahrskatalog. 1873. 2 Heft. April–Juni

Ankum. H. v. die Umgestaltung unsrer Wirthschaftssysteme zur rentabeleren Thierproduktion. 2. Aufl. Königsberg, Beyer. 1/4 Th.

Auerbach Dr. W. Das Aktienwesen. 1 Abth. (224 Seiten) Fkf. a. M. Sauerländer. 11/3 Th.

Augspurg, G. D. Die Entwerthung des Geldes etc. Bremen, Kühtmann et Co. 1/6 Th.

Bamberger, L. Die fünf Milliarden. Berlin. G. Reimer. 4 gr.

Baer Wilh. Der vorgeschichtliche Mensch. Herausgeben v. Fried. v. Hellwald, in 2 Abth. 1 Abth. (308 S.) Leipzig, Spamer. 11/3 Th.

Bericht der vom Mecklenburgischen patriotischen Verein ernannten Commission zur Berathung über die Verhältnisse der ländlichen Arbeiterklassen. Rostock, Kuhn. 18 gr.|

21

Börse, die, und ihre Schattenseiten etc. Nordhausen, Haacke. 1/6 Th.

Erdmann, Prof. Dr. Otto Linné, Grundriss der allgem. Waarenkunde. 8 Aufl. v. Dr. Chr. R. König. (506 Seiten) Leipzig, Barth. 1 Th. 27 gr.

Brachelli, Prof. Dr. H. F. statistische Skizze der Ost- und Nord-Europäischen Staaten. Leipzig. Hinrichs. 12 gr.

Brentano, Dr. Lujo, die wissenschaftliche Leistung des Herrn Ludwig Bamberger. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. 24 gr.

Curtius Prof. Dr. Geo., griechische Schulgrammatik. 10. Aufl. Prag. Tempsky. 28 gr.

Burgtorf. Wiesen- und Weidenbau. Berl. Wieg. und Hempel. 2/3 Th.

Enderis, Consul, Heinr., noramerikan. Haus- und Landwirthschaft. Hauptsächlich für den farmer im Nordwesten der vereinigten Staaten (208 S.) Schaffhausen, Brodtmann, 24 gr.

Blomberg-Liebthal, R. Frh. v., über Futterbau auf leichtem Boden. Berl. Wieg. u. Hempel 1/4 Th.

Fabrikgesetzgebung des deutschen Reichs (208 S.) Berl. Kortkampf. 11/3 Th.

Giebel. Prof. Dr. C. G. landwirthsch. Zoologie. 1 Lief. Glogau, Flemming 121/2 gr.

Heine, W. Japan.

Lipp, Adf. die Börsenspeculation in öst. ung. Eisenbahnactien etc Wien, Perles 5/6 Th.

Meyer, Rud. Die Actiengesellschaften etc.

Oekonomist, der österreichische. Deutsche Wochenschrift. Hr. v. W. Sommerfeld. Wien. Gronemeyer.

Pawlowsky, I., russ. deutsches Wörterbuch. Umgearb. von Nikolitsch u. N. Asmuss Asmus. 1 Lief. (192 S.) Riga. (Leipzig, Fleischer) 24 gr.

Perrot. F. der Bank- Börsen- und Actienschwindel. 1 Abth. Der Eisenbahn-actienschwindel. Rostock, Kuhn. 16 gr.|

22

Vámbéry, Prof. Herm. Centralasien und die engl. russ. Grenzfrage. Leipzig Brockhaus. 11/2 Th.

Schmoller, Prof. Dr. Gust. die Entwicklung und Krisis der deutschen Weberei im neunz. Jahrh. (26 S.) Berlin, Lüderitz. 1/3 Th.

Schneider Dr. der Lehrermangel. (16 S.) Halle, Fricke. 3 gr.

Richter, E. ein Licht der Manchestristen. Leipzig Berlin, Luckhardt. 12 gr.

Roscher. Nationalökonomie des Ackerbaus. 7 Aufl. Stuttgart Cotta.

Knauer, Gust. Das Facit aus E. v. Hartmann’s Philosophie etc. Berl. L. Heimann. 1/3 Th.

Venetianer, Mor., Schoppenhauer als Scholastiker. (400 S.) Berlin. C. Duncker. 21/3 Th.

Schneider Dr. L. Roger Bacon etc. Augsburg Kranzfelder. 3/4 Th.

Werber, Dr. W. J. A. Die Enstehung der menschlichen Sprache und ihre Fortbildung. Heidelberg. C. Winter. 12 gr.

Willmars. G. Börsenfackel. Berl. Bohne. Lieferungen (2 ersten) 121/2 gr.

Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 27. 1872. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1872.]
Schließen

1872. Viertes Heft. (Oct.–Dec.)

Mémoires de l’académie impér. des sciences de St. Petersbourg. 7 série. t. XVIII. N. 9 Etudes sur les revenus publics, etc. 1866–1872. Par W. Bésobrasoff. 23 gr. (Leipzig, Voss)

Contzen, Heinr., neue Studien über Kultur, Volkswirthschaft und Politik im Mittelalter. 1. Th. Geschichte der volkswirthschaftlichen Literatur im Mittelalter etc 2 Aufl. Berlin. Heimann 11/3 thl.

Engel, Dr. die moderne Wohnungsnoth. Leipzig, 1873, Duncker & Humblot. 2/3 Th.

Gedanken über die Socialwissenschaft der Zukunft von P. L. 1. Theil die menschliche Gesellschaft als realer Organismus. (399 S.) Mitau 1873. Behre. 21/2 Th.|

23

Goltz, Dr. Fhr. Th. v. der, die Verhandlungen der Berliner Conferenz ländlicher Arbeitgeber. Danzig, Kafemann. 1/2 Th.

Handelsgesetzbuch, das allgemeine deutsche neben dem Gesetz vom 11 Juni 1870 etc. Mannheim, 1873, Bensheimer. 1/2 Th.

Lehr, Dr. Jul., Abriss der Finanzwissenschaft. Münden, Augustin. 9 gr.

Roesler Dr. Herm. über die geschichtliche Entwicklung der volkswirthschaftlichen Ideen der neueren Zeit. Rostock, Kuhn. 6 gr.

Schulze, Dr. W. R., Fürst Bismarck u. der Bismarckianismus. Stolberg, Heinzelmann, 2/3 Th.

Vogel, H., die Verfälschung und Verschlechterung der Lebensmittel. Schwelm, Wortmann. 12 gr.

Boltzmann, Dr. über das Wirkungsgesetz der Molekularkräfte. Wien, Gerold’s Sohn, 2 gr.

Hartmann Hartwig, Dr. Geo. Das Leben des Luftmeers. Wiesbaden, Bischkopff. 23/4 Th.

Hosäus, A., Grundriss der unorganischen Chemie. Hannover, 1873, Hahn. 24 gr.

Ramelow, C. A., über die Entstehung des ersten organ. Lebens. München, Kaiser. 3 gr.

Geiger, L. Ursprung und Entwicklung der menschlichen Sprache u. Vernunft. 2 Bd. Cotta.

Unbewusste, das, vom Standpunkt der Physiologie und Descendenztheorie. Eine krit. Beleuchtung etc. Berlin, C. Duncker. 11/2 Th.

Eichhoff. K. über die Blutrache bei den Griechen. Duisburg, Ewich 1/3 Th.

Müller, Aug., die griechischen Philosophen in der arab. Ueberlieferung. Halle, Buchh. des Waisenhauses. 1/2 Th.

Delius, Dr. Ad., die Bewirthschaftung des geringen Sandbodens. Halle, Buchh. des Waisenh. 11/2 Th.

Löbe, Dr. W. Abriss der Geschichte der deutschen Landwirthschaft etc. Berlin, 1873. Wiegandt & Hempel. 1 Th.

id. 5 Auflage. Handbuch der rationellen Landwirthschaft etc. Leipzig. Heinr. Schmidt.|

24

Oemler, Paul, antike Landwirthschaft. etc. (59 S.) Hamburg. (Berlin, Wiegandt & Hempel) 1/2 Th.

Neuer Atlas der ganzen Erde, 23 33 Aufl. 1873, 28 Karten, mit Berücksichtigung der geogr. Werke von Dr. C. G. D. Stein u. A. etc. nebst 17 historischen und 30 statist. Tabellen, ergänzt bis 1871. Hinrichs, Leipzig. cart. 61/2 Th., in Leinwandband 71/2 Th.

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Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 28. 1873. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1873.]
Schließen

1873. Erstes Heft Jan.–März.

Brentano, Prof. L., über Einigungsämter. Leipz., Duncker & Humblot. 1/3 Th.

Michaelis, Dr. Otto, volkswirthschaftl. Schriften. 1 Bd. Eisenbahnfragen, Handelskrisis v. 1857. Berlin. Herbig. 23/4 Th.

Verbindlichkeit, die, zum Schadenersatze f. die bei dem Betrieb v. Eisenbahnen, Bergwerken, Fabriken, etc. herbeigeführten Tödtungen etc. Gesetz vom 7 Juni 1871. 4 Aufl. Berlin, Kortkampf. 4 gr.

Berichte, kurze, über die neuesten Erfindungen etc. Her. von Dr. J. Burger. 11 Jahrg. 1873. Mannheim, Schneider’s Verl. 2/3 Th.

Löbe, Dr. W., der landwirthschaftl. Fortschritt. 3. Bd. das J. 1872 umfassend. Leipzig, H. Schmidt. 2/3 Th.

Tobisch, Dr. Hugo, die Düngungsfrage vom Standpunkte der Rentabilität. Wien, 1872, Braumüller. 1/3 Th.

Wessely, Inspektor Jos., der europäische Flugsand u. seine Kultur. Wien, Faesy u. Frick. 51/3 Th.

Handbuch der Geographie u. Statistik, begründet durch Dr. C. G. D. Stein etc. 7 Aufl. bearb. von Dr. Wappäus. 4 Bde. in 4 Abth. 24 Thaler, gebunden 29 Th. (Dazu statist. Ergänzungshefte) Hinrichs, Leipzig.

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Aus:
Vierteljahrs-Catalog aller neuen Erscheinungen im Felde der Literatur in Deutschland. Nach den Wissenschaften geordnet. Mit alphabetischem Register. Jg. 28. 1873. Hrsg. und verlegt von der J. C. Hinrichs’schen Buchhandlung in Leipzig. [Leipzig 1873.]
Schließen

1873. Drittes Heft. Juli–Sept.

Körösi, Dr. Jos., Beiträge zur Geschichte der Preise. Pest, Ráth, 28 gr.

Sarauw, Chr. v., das russ. Reich in seiner financ. u. ökon. Entwickelung seit dem Krimkriege. Leipzig, Schlicke. 33/4 Th.

Stöpel, Dr. F. Die 5 Milliarden. Gegen L. Bamberger. Fk. a. M. Boselli 1/6 Th

Schramm, Dr. H., die Anziehungskraft betrachtet als eine Wirkung der Bewegung. Graz. Ferstl’sche Buchhandlung 1/6 Th.

Auerbach. das Aktienwesen. Frankfurt a. M. Sauerländer. 11/3 Th.

Burckhardt, Dr. H., der Dampfpflug zur Forstkultur auf Heiden. Hannover. 1/6 Th.

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[Bibliographische Notizen zur Agrikultur]

Fraas: Grundzüge des Pflanzenbaus. 1857.

idem: Bavaria rediviva. 1865.

Stöckhardt: der chemische Ackermann. 1866.

Peters: Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Agrikulturchemie. 1864 etc

Heiden: Lehrbuch der Düngerlehre 1868.

 Dieser Titel wurde mit Blaustift durchgestrichen.
Schließen Dr. Gustav Drechsler: Die Statistik des Landbaus. etc. Göttingen 1869.

Landwirthschaftliches Centralblatt 1865.

N. Witt: Die Landwirthschaft der Schwarzerde Russlands. 1866.

Fr. Thon. v. Liebig’s Bodenverarmung und die Latrinenfrage. 1866.

Dr. E. Wiss, das Gesetz der Bevölkerung und die Eisenbahnen, 1867.

Dr. W. Ketrzynski, die Lygier, ein Beitrag zur Urgeschichte der Westslaven und Vindilen. 1868.

K. W. Volz, Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte, 1852.

v. Thienen-Adlerflycht, Bilder aus Spanien, 1861.

Columella, Marcus Porcius Cato, Marcus Varro, Palladius.

Grisebach: Vegetation der Erde.|

Beilagen v. F. C. Forberg’s Ausgabe des Hermaphroditus von Antonius Panormita, 1824.

Engelmann, Geschichte des Handels und des Weltverkehrs.

S. v. Waltershausen, Ueber den sicilischen Ackerbau, 1863.

Reynier, die Landwirthschaft der alten Völker, übersetzt von Damance.

H. Wiskemenern Wiskemann , die antike Landwirthschaft u. das v. Thünen’sche Gesetz. 1859.

Dr. J. Conrad, Liebig’s Ansicht v. der Bodenerschöpfung und ihre geschichtliche, statistische und nationalökonomische Begründung 1864.

R. v. Mohl, Geschichte und Literatur der Staatswissenschaften.

Knies, die Statistik als selbsständige selbstständige Wissenschaft, zugleich ein Beitrag zu einer kritischen Geschichte der Statistik seit Achenwall, Cassel, 1850.

Dr. W. Schumacher, Erschöpfung und Ersatz in dem Ackerbaue. 1856 1866.

Dr. F. Senft: der Steinschutt und Erdboden etc. Berlin 1867.

„Aktenstücke und Verhandlungen in der Klage der Staatsanwaltschaft gegen die Redaktion der ‚Frankfurter Zeitung‘ wegen behaupteter Verleumdung u. Beleidigung der Führer der Main[-]Armee. Stuttgart. E. Ebner. 1869.“

Blackwood Edinburgh Magazine. N. DCCXXIX July 1876

Reussler Keussler , Joh. v. Zur Geschichte u. Kritik des bäuerlichen Grundbesitzes Gemeindebesitzes in Russland. 1 Th. 8. Riga. Deubner.  #e* Deubner.°] Keusslers Schrift erschien 1876; daher können die beiden zuletzt gemachten Eintragungen, wie auch die ersten beiden auf der folgenden Seite, nicht vor 1876 vorgenommen worden sein. – Die folgenden vier Zeilen der Seite 26 sind leer.
Schließen |

[Bibliographische Notizen]

Adolph Wagner. Lehrbuch der polit. Oekonomie. 1876   Wahrscheinlich Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (noch nicht fertig)

Ludwig Cohnstaedt: Zur Silberfrage. 1876. (Frankfurt a/M. Jägersche Buchhandlung)

H. Taine: Les Origines de la France Contemporaine. Paris 1876.  #e* 1876.°] Diese Liste setzte Marx auf den unteren zwei Dritteln der nächsten Seite fort.
Schließen

Aus:
Bibliotheca juridico-oeconomica et historico-politica. Katalog einer ausgewählten Sammlung von Werken aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften und der Geschichte. Zu den beigemerkten Preisen zu beziehen von R. L. Prager. Nr. 29. Berlin 1877.
Schließen

Bibliotheca jurid. econ. etc N. 29. 1877 R. L. Prager Berlin.

[Bibliographische Notizen]

William E. Baer: The relations of landlord and tenant in England and Scotland, published by Cobden Club, Lond. 1876.  #e5 1876. [bis] 1876.°] Datierungshinweis: Diese Notizen können nicht vor dem 1. November 1876 gemacht worden sein.
Schließen

Paul Leroy-Beaulieu: „De l’administration locale en France et en Angleterre.“

W. Oechelhäuser: (Berlin 1876): Die Wirthschaftliche Crisis.

  #e*Revue des Deux Mondes: Strousberg°] G[ustave] Valbert (Pseudonym für Victor Cherbuliez): Une grandeur déchue. Le docteur Strousberg. [Redaktioneller Kolumnentitel: Le roi des chemins de fer.] In: Revue des Deux Mondes. 46. Jg. 3. Periode. Bd. 18. Paris, 1. November 1876, S. 213–224.
Schließen Revue des Deux Mondes: Strousberg, 1 Novemb. 1876.

Sieh ibid.   #e*ibid. Nummer v. 15e Juli 1873°] Louis Reybaud: La politique allemande. In: Revue des Deux Mondes. 43. Jg. 2. Periode. Paris, 15. Juli 1873, S. 439–453. – Siehe Victor Bonnet: Le paiement de l’indemnité Prussienne et l’état de nos finances. [Redaktioneller Kolumnentitel: La libération du territoire.] In: Revue des Deux Mondes. Bd. 106. Paris, 15. Juni 1873, S. 156–177.
Schließen Nummer v. 15 Juli 1873. (über französische Bank)

Henri Rink: Eskimo folktales.

Bancroft. History of the native races of the pacific states. (5 volumes)

Fortsetzung v. voriger Seite.  #e*voriger Seite.°] Marx bezog sich auf die Literaturliste, die mit der Notiz „H. Taine … Paris 1876.“ endete.
Schließen

Cantu C. Histoire des Italiens. trad. par A. Lacombe. 12 v. Paris ’67 ’59.

Neu erschienen: Georg Schanz: Zur Geschichte der deutschen Gesellenvereine   #e*Gesellenvereine°] In der Quelle: Gesellen-Verbände.
Schließen (14–17t Jhdt) Duncker u. Humblot. 1877.

Die Almeinde Allmeinde etc v. Dr. B. Becker (Pfarrer in Linthal) Basel. 1868 (Schweighausersche Buchhandlung)

Asso: Historia de la economía política en de Aragon.

Gierke: Das deutsche Genossenschaftswesen   #e*Genossenschaftswesen°] In der Quelle: Genossenschaftsrecht
Schließen

 Vom fremder Hand geschrieben.
Schließen Dutt. The peasantry of Bengal.

 Vom fremder Hand geschrieben.
Schließen Narada, by Jolly.

Hannsen Hanssen. G. History of the Fieldsystems in Germany, Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft. V. XXI

Hasted (Edward) The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. 2nd ed. 12 vl. Canterbury. 1797–1801.

Thudichum (Friedrich)

• 1) Der altdeutsche Staat. Giessen, 1862.
• 2) Die Gau- u. Markverfassung in Deutschland. Giessen 1860. |

Aus:
Catalog Nr. 11 des antiquarischen Bücherlagers L. M. Glogau Sohn in Hamburg. Enthaltend ca. 50,000 Bände von nach den Wissenschaften geordneten Werken … Hamburg 1876.
Schließen

Catalog. N. 11. L. M. Glogau in Hamburg. (1876)

Aus:
Antiquarischer Catalog. Nr. 26. Hrsg. von Otto Harrassowitz, Buchhandlung und Antiquarita in Leipzig. [Leipzig] 1876.
Schließen

Otto Harrowitz Harrassowitz . Antiquar. Catalog 26. 1876.

Aus:
Catalog des antiquarischen Bücherlagers von B. Seligsberg in Bayreuth. Nr. 145. Bayreuth 1875.
Schließen

B. Seligsberg (Bayreuth) N. 145. (1875)

John Wilson. (12 King Will. Street, Charing Cross) (Part. 36. 1876.)

Aus:
Bibliotheca juridica et politico-oeconomica. Katalog einer ausgewählten Sammlung von Werken aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften und der Geschichte. Zu den beigemerkten Preisen zu beziehen von R. L. Prager. Nr. 26. Berlin 1876.
Schließen

R. L. Prager N. 26. Biblioth. jurid. etc (Berlin)

Aus:
Antiquarischer Catalog. Nr. 26. Hrsg. von Otto Harrassowitz, Buchhandlung und Antiquarita in Leipzig. [Leipzig] 1876.
Schließen

Otto Harrasowitz. N. 26 Antiq. Catalog (76)

Aus:
Catalog Nr. 11 des antiquarischen Bücherlagers L. M. Glogau Sohn in Hamburg. Enthaltend ca. 50,000 Bände von nach den Wissenschaften geordneten Werken … Hamburg 1876.
Schließen

Catalog N. 11 Glogau in Hamburg (1876)

12 July. 1876. Erhalten v. P. S. King.

1) Coals, Cinders etc (Return) (1 June ’76)

2) Copper (etc) (3 March ’76)

3) Deaths of Starvation (Return, 30 May ’76)

4) Land Tenure Bill (27 June, 1876)

5) Paupers (Return) [(]8 May 76)

6) Report. Depreciation of Silver. (5 July ’76)

7) Local Taxation (1876)

8) Past and Present Policy of Bank of England 1855.

9) Our Monetary System. 1857.

10) Commercial. N. 3. (1876) Trade Reports. Secretary of Embassy. Part 1 (April ’76)

11) Commercial. N. 6 (1876) Trade Reports. N. 6. (’76) Secr. of Emb. Part II

12) Commercial. N. 5. (1876) Consuls. Part III (May ’76) May 76.

13) Public Health. ’76. New Series. N. VII.

14) Mines Reports for 1875. (published ’76)

15) Railways Accidents. 1876. (Jan.–March ’76)

16) Return. Population, Areas, Houses. (23. Feb. ’76)

17) Land Owners in Ireland. Dublin. 1876.

18) Howell. Handybook of Labour Laws. (’76)|

Nachzusehn.

Evans. D. M. Facts, failures and frauds. Lond. 1859

id. the history of the commercial crisis 1857–58 Lond. 1859.

Low (D.) On landed property, and the economy of estates. Lond. 1844.

Foster. J. W. Prehistoric races of the U. St. Chicago. 1874

Jones. Ch. C. Antiquities of the Southern Indians. New York. 1873.

Young (E.) Special Report on immigration. Washington 1872.

Baxter (D. R.) National Income. 1868.

Guillard. E. Les banquiers athen. athén. et romains. Paris 1875

Bamberger. Reichsgold. Leipz. 1876

Bresson (J.) Hist. financ. de la France. 1843

Hüllmann. Deutsche Finanzgeschichte des Mittelalters. 1805.

Toussenel. A. (Les juifs, rois de l’époque) Paris 1845.

Wiszniewski. Pr. A. La méthode historique appliquée à la réforme des banques etc Paris 1865.

Jubb (S.) History of the Shoddy Trade. Lond. 1860.

Hoyle (W.) Our national resources and how they are wasted. Lond. 1871.

Nasse E. Ueber die mittelaltrige Feldgemeinschaft etc Bonn 1869

Villegardelle F. Hist. des idées sociales avant la révolution française 1846

Lorenz u. Rothe: Klimatologie mit besond. Rücksicht auf Land etc Wirthschaft. Wien 1874.

Sacharoff: the numerical relations of the population of China.

Schilthuis. U. G. De Verhouding van den Landbow Landbouw tot den Boden Bodem etc Haarlem 1835 1853.

Fraas (Carl) Geschichte der Landbau[-] u. Forstwissenschaft 1865.|

Camden Society’s Publications.

Ellis. (Sir Henry) A General Introduction to Domesday Book.

Wright (Th.) A History of Engl. Culture. Lond. 1874.|

Asia Minor (Reports [)] (v. Consuls, it seems) (respecting the landed proprietors.[)] (1869) |

Blue Books etc. Fehlendes.

Aus:
Bibliotheca historica. Verzeichniss des Antiquarischen Bücherlagers von A. Bielefeld’s Hofbuchhandlung in Carlsruhe. Nr. 46. [Karlsruhe 1875.]
Schließen

Bibliotheca historica A. Bielefeld: Hofbuchhandlung in Carlsruhe N. 46)

(Wohlauer soll verschreiben v. demselben: Catalog N. 14. (Technologie, Handelswissenschaft). 15(?)) Botanik, Landwirthschaft. 30) (Staats u. Cameralwissenschaften)

Aus:
Bibliotheca Haeberliniana. Verzeichniss der von den Herren Dr. Ernst Mich. u. Dr. Conrad H. Haeberlin dahier hinterlassenen werthvollen Bücher, welche zu den beigesetzten billigen Preisen bei Ludolph St. Goar, Buchhändler & Antiquar in Frankfurt a. M., Zeil 30 zu haben sind. Abth. 1. Geschichte und deren Hilfs-Wissenschaften. Frankfurt a. M. 1876.
Schließen

Bibliotheca Haeberliniana. bei Ludolph St. Goar, Fk. a. M. Erste Abtheilung. Frankfurt. Dec. ’76.

[Bibliographische Notizen]

 Mit Bleistift geschrieben.
Schließen Sir William Erle: The Law relating to Trade Unions. London 1869

 Mit Bleistift geschrieben.
Schließen W. Th. Thornton: On Labor. |

Wm. Thomson, The Sizing of Cotton Goods. Manchester (Palmer & Howe)

L. de Lavergne.

• 1) L’économie rurale de la France depuis 1789. (Bei Guillaume, 4ème édit. 1877)
• 2) „Assemblées provinciales“
• 3) „Economistes du dix-huitième siècle“ |

III) Rechtsprechende.

1) Friedensrichter u. deren Versammlungen (съѣзды) richten in ihrem Bezirk über weniger wichtige Vergehen (Gefängnisstrafe bis 1 Jahr, Civilsachen nicht höher als 500 Rubel.[)] Alles übrige geht an die Collectiven Gerichtshöfe.

2) Kreis[-] od. Bezirksgerichte (окружны суда), 3) Судебныя палаты (Gerichtshöfe[)] (Criminal- Civil etc Gerichtshof)

3) Dirigirende Dirigirender Senat (in seiner Eigenschaft als höchstes Cassationsgericht.)

Die Procuratoraufsicht etc erstreckt sich nur auf Processe, die in die Instanz der Kreisgerichte fallen. Ganz u. direct abhängig vom Minister der Justiz.

Nach einigen §§ des Gesetz Gesetzes der Untersuchungsrichter hat nur den „gesetzlichen“ Forderungen des Prokurators nachzukommen »aber nach andern [§§] muss er unbedingt ausführen was der Prokurator ihm befiehlt (auch wenn er dessen Ansichten ungesetzlich findet.), z. B. auch Untersuchungen zu vervollständigen, die er (der Untersuchungsrichter) für geschlossen erklärt hat.|

Dr. Heinrich Contzen: „Geschichte der volkswirthschaftl. Literatur im Mittelalter.“ Leipzig. 1869.

Dr. Buckland: Bridgewater Treaty.

Revue Contemporaine. Avril 1869. (Crédit Mobilier.)

Things not generally known being Revelations of England’s Treatment of Political Prisoners. By the Convict of Clonmel. 6d. Irishman Office, 33, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin.

R. H. Patterson. The Science of Finance. 1868.

John Laing: Theory of Business.

A. E. Cherbuliez. Précis de la Science Economique.

Newenham: Essay on the Population of Ireland.

The Crisis of 1866: a Financial Essay. By William Fowler. Longmans.

The Panic of 1866 By Robert Baxter.

Dr. J. C. Santlus: Ueber die Zunahme der Geisteskrankheiten. 1859.

Oscar Schmidt: Die Anwendung der Wärmelehre auf den Menschen.

Roesler H.: Ueber die Grundlehren der v. A. Smith begründeten Volkswirthschaftstheorie. Ein Beitrag zur Rechtsphilosophie. Erlangen 1868.

New York. 5 Août. Enquête du dernier Congrès sur les fraudes commises au préjudice des Indiens depuis un certain nombre d’années.

Capt. Butler: The great Lone Land.

John Yeats: „The natural History of the Raw Materials of Commerce.[“] 1872.

id. The technical history of commerce. (1871)

id. [„]The growth and vicissitudes of commerce from 1500–1788.“ (1872)

Id. A manual of recent and existing commerce. (1872.) |

Edinburgh Review. April. 1873: Cost and Consumtion of Coal.

Fraser’s Magazine, May 1873: Peasantry of the South of England.

W. Watkin (oder ss?) Loyd: Panics and their Panaceas.

J. R. Leichfield Liefchild: Coal at home and abroad. (Longmans)

Perrot: Der Bank- Börsen[-] u. Aktienschwindel. (Rostock)

Dr. F. Stöpel: Die fünf Milliarden (gegen L. Bamberger) Fkft.

Mac Donnell (1873) Grundrente in England.

St. John (J. A.) Anatomy of Society. 1831. 2 vls.

John Evelyn: A Philosophical Discourse of Earth. Lond. 1676.

Andrews (Stephen etc) The science of Society. 2 vol. New York. 1833.

Cent per Cent. A Company Swindle. 1875.

James Napier: Manufacturing Arts in Ancient Times. 1875

W. H. Greenwood. Manual of Metallurgy. 1875.

 Von fremder Hand geschrieben.
Schließen Zeitschrift für schweizerisches Recht, vol. I et II (herausgegeben von Wyss und Heuszler).

 Von fremder Hand geschrieben.
Schließen Blösch, Stettler: Bernerisches Gemeindewesen.

Francis A. Walker: The Wages Question. A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Classes. (Yankee der Mann) London Macmillan et Co. 1877. |

Aus:
Ilarion Ignat’evič Kaufman: Teorija i praktika bankovago dela. T. 1. Kredit, banki i denežnoe obraščenіe. St. Petersburg 1873; T. 2. Istorіja bankov. St. Petersburg 1877.
Schließen

[Bibliographische Notizen zu Kaufmanns „Theorie und Praxis des Bankgeschäfts“]

Colwell: The ways and means of payment. Philadelphia 1859

E. Laveleye: Le marché monétaire et ses crises.  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen 1864 1865.

 Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen Bagshot Bagehot: Lombard Street. Lond. 1873.

Savary. Parfait Negociant. 1777 t. I, ch. XII; p. 257 (virements  #e9 virements [bis] Lyon°] Die französische Stadt Lyon entwickelte sich seit dem 15. Jahrhundert zum europäischen Handelsplatz der Seidenweberei. 1506 wurde dort auch die erste Börse Frankreichs gegründet. Die Analyse der virements, d. h. der Übertragungen oder Verrechnungen in ihrer ursprünglichen, keimhaften Form war für Marx aufschlußreich zum Verständnis späterer und entwickelterer Zirkulationsformen.
Schließen auf dem Markt zu Lyon)

ditto:   #e10ditto [bis] (p. 129)°] Wahrscheinlich gemeint: In dem vorher notierten Buch von Savary wird auf S. 129 das Buch von Giraudeau zitiert.
Schließen   #e*Giraudeau°] Die Quellenangabe zu Giraudeau bei Kaufman, S. XIII.
Schließen  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen Girardeau Giraudeau , Banque rendue facile aux principaux nations de de l’Europe.  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen 1703 1793 (p. 129)

ditto:  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen Jewis Lewis Roberts: Map of commerce. (1700) (p. cap 303)

Cl. Juglar: Des crises commerciales.  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen 1863 1862

Schäffle: „Zur Lehre v. den Handelskrisen“ u. Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift, f. 1858. Heft IV

H. N. Sealy: A treatise on coins, currency and banking. Lond. (vol. I, 1858) (vol. II. 1867)

R. H. Inglis Palgrave:   #e*Palgrave°] [Sir] Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave: Notes on banking in Great Britain and Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, and Hamburg; with some remarks on the amount of bills in circulation, both inland and foreign, in Great Britain and Ireland; and the banking law of Sweden. [Read before the Statistical Society of London, 18th February, 1873. In: Journal of the Statistical Society of London. Published quarterly. Vol. 36. Part 1. March 1873. London [1874,] S. 27–152. – Die Quellenangabe zu Palgrave bei Kaufman, S. XX.
Schließen Notes on Banking. London 1873

Ch. Babbage: Analysis of the statistics of the Clearing House during the year 1839 (in Journal der statistical society of London vol. XIX f. 1856, p. 28–48)

Robert Somers: The Scotch banks and system of issue. Edinb. 1873

Rey de Foresta. Des cheques et des banques des depôts. Paris. 1864

Hankey: The principles of banking Lond. 1873

Gilbart.   #e*Gilbart°] Die Quellenangabe zu Gilbart bei Kaufman, S. XXXII. – Siehe J[ames] W[illiam] Gilbart: The laws of currency, as exemplified in the circulation of country bank notes in England, since the passing of the Act of 1844. [Read before the Statistical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Liverpool, 22nd September, 1854.] In: Journal of the Statistical Society of London. Vol. 17. London 1854, S. 289–321; vol. 18. London 1855, S. 289–322; derselbe: The laws of the currency in Scotland. In: Journal of the Statistical Society of London. Vol. 19. London 1856, S. 144–169.
Schließen The Laws of Currency (Journal der statistical society. vol. XVII f. 1852 1854, Dec. Heft. p. 289–321 u. vol. XIX, p. 144–170.[)]

W. Stanley Jevons: On the frequent autumnal pressure in the money market. (Statistical Journal der London society ) vol. XXIX (f. 1866, June)

Inglis Palgrave (im selben Journal f. 1873)

Ueber die Gesetzmässigkeiten der Wechselcirkulation Newmarch in Tooke History of Prices vol. VI, p. 584–609 u. Inglis Palgrave „Notes on banking[“] . p. 30–46.  Bemerkung von Marx zur eigenen Orientierung.
Schließen (Verte) |

John Lubbock: Im (London) Statistical Journal vol. XXVIII, p. 361, sq.

 Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen Jacobs Jacob: Das russische Papiergeld.  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen 1816 1817.

v. Hock: „Abgaben u. Schulden“ u. „Die Finanzen Nordamerikas“.

Н. Х. Bunge (dessen Noten zu seiner russ. Uebersetzung   Adolph Wagner: Die russische Papierwährung … Riga 1868.
Schließen des Schundes v. A. Wagner )

В. П. Безоразовъ Безобразовъ: О нѣкоторыхъ явленіяхъ денежнаго обращенія въ Россіи.  Fehler in der Quelle.
Schließen 1862 1863

Goldman: Das russ. Papiergeld. 1866

Helferich: Die östr. Valuta seit 1848, Tübinger Zeitschrift   #e*Tübinger Zeitschrift°] Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft. Tübingen.
Schließen für 1856 u. 1857.|

a) 32s. Cop twist

1) Price of cotton used. 61/2d. in Liverpool. Percentage of waste made 12%. Average price of waste cannot get any reliable information. The spinner who gave me the above says that 12% is the nett waste after allowing credit for waste sold.

2) Price of Yarn per lb 9d1/8 to 91/4 at most.

3) (Wages) 1d. per lb.

4) Total cost of spinning 32s is 2d1/2 per lb without waste.

b) 20s mule in bundle.

1) Price of cotton. 5d.1/2. Percentage of waste made 18%. Price of Waste cannot tell.

2) Price of yarn 8d.3/8.

3) Wages 11/16d.

4) The total cost in this mill is 2d.1/8 producing 20 000 lb weekly.

(The difficulty about the waste: perhaps 1/3 of it is invisible and the rest is sold at such various prices that they cannot say what the average value is. I believe the waste sold knocks about 2% off the gross loss – In the second mill (that under b) to remark, that no credit is given for waste sold; whatever is got by that is so much to the good.)|

Aus:
New View of Society. Tracts Relative to this Subject; viz. Proposals for Raising a Colledge of Industry of all Useful Trades and Husbandry. By John Bellers. Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor. A Brief Sketch of the Religious Society of People Called Shakers. With an Account of the Public Proceedings, Connected with the Subject, which Took Place in London in July and August 1817. Published by Robert Owen. London 1818.
Schließen

„New Views View of Society (Tracts relative to this Subject, viz. Proposals for Raising a Colledge of Industry of all useful Trades and Husbandry.“ By John Bellers. (Reprinted from the Original, published in the year 1696.) „Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor.“ „A Brief Sketch of the religious Society of People called Shakers.“ With an account of the Public proceedings, connected with the Subject, which took place in London in July and August 1817. Published By Robert Owen. London 1818.

The Crisis, edited by Robert Owen
Als Untertitel: The Crisis; or the change from Error and Misery, to Truth und Happiness.

vol. I (First number v. 14 April, 1832, endet mit N. 44, 5 Jan. 33 (Printed for, and published by, the Association of the intelligent and well disposed of the Industrious Classes for Removing Ignorance and Poverty, by Education and Employment, at their Institution, Gray’s Inn Road.)

vol. II beginnt mit N. I Jan. 12, 1833 (6te Number out of print, fehlt) endet mit No. 35 u. 36 v. August 31. 1833.

vol. III. (N. I v. Sept. 7, 1833; letzte Nummer 5 April, 34.[)]

vol. IV. ⦗N. I, April 12. (1834) endet mit August 3. 1834⦘

Aus:
Messrs. Cobbett and Attwood. The Currency. In: The Crisis, or the Change from Error and Misery, to Truth and Happiness. Ed. by Robert Owen. Vol. 1. Nr. 27, 8. September 1832. S. 106–109.
Schließen

vol. I (p. 107.  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen über die labour Exchange theory) »the natural standard of value is, in principle, human labour, or the combined manual and mental powers of men called into action« … »It will be said by those who have taken a superficial or mere partial view of the question, that human labour or power is so unequal in individuals, that its average amount cannot be estimated. Already, however, the average physical power of men as well as of horses (equally varied in the individuals) has been calculated for scientific purposes, and both now serve to measure inanimate powers. On the same principle, the average of human labour or power may be also ascertained, and its exchangeable value with all other values fixed accordingly; the whole to be permanent for a given period. Human labour would thus acquire its natural or intrinsic value which would increase as science advanced; and this is, in fact, the only really useful object of science. The demand for human labour would be not no longer subject to caprice, nor would the support of human life be made, as at present, a perpetually varying article of commerce, and the working classes made the slaves of an artificial system of wages, more cruel in its effects than any slavery ever practised by society, either barbarous or civilized.|

70

This change in the standard of value would immediately open the most advantageous domestic markets, until the wants of all were amply supplied; nor while this standard continued could any evil arise in future from the want of markets. It would secure the means for the unlimited and advantageous intercourse and exchange with other nations, without compromising national interests, and enable all governments to withdraw every existing injurious commercial restriction. It would render unnecessary and entirely useless the present demoralising system of bargaining between individuals, and no practice perhaps tends more than this to deteriorate and degrade the human character. [«] etc (107)

»No real benefit could arise to any party from a return to cash payments, if such a measure were practicable.[«] (l. c.)  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗Dies gegen Cobbett ; im September 1833 waren discussions between Cobbett u. Attwood (zu Birmingham) u. der citirte Artikel der Crisis starts from this fact; ist überschrieben: Mssrs. Cobbett and Attwood. The Currency⦘

»The genuine principle of barter was, to exchange the suppose prime cost [of], or value of labour, in one article, against the price cost of, or amount of labour contained in any other article. This is the only equitable principle of exchange; but, as inventions increased, and human desires multiplied, it was found to be inconvenient in practice. Barter was succeeded by commerce, the principle of which is, to produce or procure every article at the lowest, and to obtain for it in exchange, the highest amount of labour. To effect this, an artificial standard of value was necessary; and metals were, by common consent among nations, permitted to perform the office. This principle, in the progress of its operation, has been productive of important advantages, and of very great evils; but, like barter, it has been suited to a certain stage of society. It has stimulated invention; it has given industry and talent to the human character and secured the future exertion |71 of these energies, which otherwise might have remained dormant and unknown. But it has made man ignorantly, individually selfish; placed him in opposition to his fellows; engendered fraud and deceit; blindly urged him forward to create, but deprived him of the wisdom to enjoy. In striving to take advantage of others, he has overreached himself« … Das »improvement in the progress of society may be easily effected by exchanging all articles with each other at their prime cost, or with reference to the amount of labour in each, which can be  In The Crisis, S. 108: equitably
Schließen equaly ascertained, and by permitting the exchange to be made through a convenient medium, to represent this value, and which will thus represent a real and unchanging value, and be issued only as substantial wealth increases. The profit of production will arise in all cases, from the value of the labour contained in the article produced, and it will be for the interest of society that profit should be most ample. Its exact amount will depend upon what, by strict examination, shall be proved to be the present real value of a day’s labour; calculated with reference to the amount of wealth, in the necessaries and comforts of life, which an average labourer may, by temperate exertions, be now made to produce.« nimmt an, dass »this unit need not represent a less value than  In The Crisis, S. 108: the wealth contained in the necessaries and comforts of life, which
Schließen the comforts etc which may now be purchased by 5 shillings.« (108) »A paper representative of the value of labour, manufactured on the principle of the new notes of the Bank of England, will serve for every purpose of domestic commerce or exchanges, and will be issued only for intrinsic value received and in store.« (l. c.)

»It is the want of a profitable market that alone checks the successful and otherwise beneficial industry of the working classes. The markets of the world are created solely by the remuneration allowed for the industry of the working classes, and those markets are more or less extended and profitable, in proportion |72 as these classes are well or ill remunerated for their labour. But the existing arrangements of society will not permit the labourer to be remunerated for his industry, and in consequence all markets fail. To recreate and extent demand in proportion as the late scientific improvements and others which are hourly advancing to perfection, extend the means of supply, the natural standard of value is required.[«] (108)

---

Aus:
[Robert Owen:] A New View of Society: or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. London 1813.
Schließen

1) A New View of Society, or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Essay second. By One of His Majesty’s Justices of Peace  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen ⦗i. e. Owen R.⦘ for the County of Lanark. London. 1813.

⦗ Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Hauptsache ist 1) die formation of character – »the national plan for the formation of character should include all the modern improvements of education, without regard to the system of any one individual, and should not exclude the child of any one subject in the empire[«] (61) u. 2) »by government’s preparing a reserve of employment for the surplus working classes, when the general demand for labour throughout the country is not equal to the full occupation of the whole: that employment to be on useful national objects, from which the public may derive advantage equal to the expense which those works may require.[«] (61)

Aus:
Robert Owen: Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System: with Hints for the Improvement of those Parts of it which Are Most Injurious to Health and Morals. Dedicated most Respectfully to the British Legislature. London 1815.
Schließen

2) Observations on the Effect of The Manufacturing System: with hints for the improvement of those parts of it which are most injurious to health and Morals. Dedicated most respectfully to the British Legislature. By Robert Owen, of New Lanark. London. 1815.

Aus:
Robert Owen: An Address Delivered to the Inhabitants of New Lanark, on the first of January, 1816, at the Opening of the Institution established for The Formation of Character. 2. Ed. London 1816.
Schließen

3) An Address, delivered to the Inhabitants of New Lanark on the First of January, 1816, at the Opening of the Institution established for The Formation of Character. By Rob. Owen[.] Second edit. London 1816

 Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (Hier kündigt er schon die »communities« an, die »shall be formed«. (p. 37)

Aus:
Robert Owen: A New View of Society: or, Essays on the Formation of the Human Character. Preparatory to the Development of a Plan for Gradually Ameliorating the Condition of Mankind. 2. Ed. London 1816.
Schließen

Die sub I) erwähnten: „A New View“ etc zusammen mit andern Essays in: „A New View of Society, or, Essays on the Formation of Character, Preparatory to the Development of a Plan for gradually ameliorating the Condition of Mankind. By Rob. Owen of New Lanark. 2nd ed. Lond. 1816. (Dedicated dem Prince Regent) Owen sagt selbst, Essay I, p. 15 Note: „The first Essay written in 1812 u. published early in 1813; the Second … written and published at the end of 1813; the third and fourth Essays written, and printed and circulated among the principal political, literary and religious characters in this country and on the continent, as well as among the governments of Europe, America and British India. They were first printed for sale in July 1816.“

Essay Third. The principles of the former Essays applied to a particular situation. (p. 70–125) Endlich das letzte Essay dieses Bandes: Essay fourth. The Principles of the former Essays applied to Government. (p. 129–184)

Aus:
Mr. Owen’s Proposed Arrangements for the Distressed Working Classes, Shown to be Consistent with Sound Principles of Political Economy: in Three Letters Addressed to David Ricardo. London 1819.
Schließen

Mr. Owen’s Proposed Arrangements for the Distressed Working Classes, shown to be consistent with sound principles of Political Economy: in Three Letters addressed to David Ricardo, Esq. M. P. London 1819.

 Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗Dies nicht v. Owen selbst.⦘ (1027.i.5./5.)  Kommentar von Marx.
Schließen (Wichtig diese Brochure, wegen der Crisen von damals: »there never was a period recorded in history when abundance and pauperism were so |74 paradoxically coexistent.[«] (4) It is universally acknowledged that the present productive powers of the country, employed in creating articles of necessity, convenience and luxury, have never been equalled … that we have, by our immense powers of production in manufactures, overstocked every market to which we could gain access. (5) Some of our most intelligent economists have pointed to this excess of production beyond the means of consumption, as the principal cause of our present national distress, and are therefore directing their attention to some rational expedient by which this mighty power of production may be guided to beneficent purposes etc (5) whence … the great manufacturing system acquired the power of overstocking every market with its useful and valuable productions? – doubtless through the aid which it has derived from science and mechanism. This system, which fifty years ago could scarcely keep pace with the wants of Great Britain alone, has been able, by the aid derived from its new allies, to spread abundance and excess throughout the 4 quarters of the globe, until its overwhelming produce has at length created the very evils which result from privation itself. (6) This accession to our powers of production advances both in prosperous and adverse commercial seasons; and our foreign rivals are contributing to augment the general distress, by erecting machinery of the same description, as fast as their growing capitals will permit. Our present system will probably proceed, until the labouring classes, finding their labour reduced below the means of subsistence, become goaded into fury and despair, and suddenly overwhelm our noble |75 and beneficent institutions in one undistinguished ruin. (p. 7) It is only within the last 30 years that this mighty power of production has unfolded itself to our view. Let us then cease to accuse any of our fellow countrymen of wilfully contributing to our existing manufacturing distress, of which they are in truth as innocent as the unconscious mechanism itself. (8)

Remedies hitherto proposed:

1) Remission of a portion of those taxes which bear most heavily on the  In der Quelle: labouring
Schließen working classes; nämlich »as the home consumption, or best market of our manufactured produce, mainly depends on the general diffusion of the wealth of the country[«]. (8) Aber much more than double such an increased consumption (v. 10 Mill. solcher taxes z. B.) absolutely necessary, even with our present powers of production. In der That aber: consumption would not be materially increased by such remission; as every soldier, sailor and taxgatherer, is as much a consumer as those from whom the taxes are now raised; their being productive or non-productive consumers has little to do with the present question.« (9)

⦗ Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Erklärt zugleich: I must not be misunderstood on  In der Quelle: this
Schließen the subject: I never can be the advocate of that legal spoliation  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (selbe Taxes in erhöhtem Geldwerth) which now irritates the country.) (9)⦘

2) [»] Partial reduction of machinery, and restriction of the hours of labour, have been proposed; but (with an exception in favour of very young children) of course rejected: as our foreign trade must be utterly annihilated, unless we are permitted to put forth our utmost manufacturing energies in competition which our rivals in foreign markets, opposed as we are by countries where machinery  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (u. dies in 1818) ist fast erecting.« (10)|

3) Advocates of Emigration etc (p. 10)

The only plan  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗Owens⦘ which appears to meet all the exigencies of the case is that which proposes the employment of idle capital, at legal interest, to enable the unemployed poor to support themselves; so that whatever number of workmen the use of mechanism may deprive of employment, may be taken up by establishments created by this capital; that the poor may no longer place their ultimate dependence on the cold hand of parochial charity. Indeed, parochial relief cannot continue for a very protacted protracted period, as it is well known that, in more than one parish, the greatly increased poor-rates have totally ruined the whole parish, every inhabitant having sunk into pauperism or fled from the devoted spot. ([10,] 11) Can it be possible, that at the present period, when our poorrates are so excessive, and, combined with our taxes, almost insupportable, that any political economist can oppose attempts to enable the poor to subsist independent of parochial aid? (11 note)

At A. Smith’s period „things soon found their own level“. (16)

Some political economists will … object to the raising of British corn, when equally good can be imported at a lower rate, as being injurious to the increase of national wealth. But it is doubtful whether the accumulation of capital in the hands of a few hundreds of individuals, is so important at the present crisis, as the more general distribution of wealth. (16[, 17], note)

Aber sagen sie: Mr Owen’s plan may fail and thus capital may be lost. Aber wie viel Millions of capital annually sacrificed to the poor-laws? (18)

Mit Bezug auf details enthalten in the Appendix of the Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to consider the poor laws, |77 sagt Edinburgh Review vol. 29. p. 501: „Such is the extraordinary picture, exhibited on the highest authority, of the richest, the most industrious, and the most moral population that probably ever existed; more than 9/10 of its whole amount occasionally subsisting on public charity, and the nation taxed for their support in an annual sum larger than its whole revenue in the days of its greatest power and glory; and in spite of all these exertions, the evil uniformly and rapidly progressive.“

Dann, wenn dies Argument nicht zieht, die political economist economists »suddenly change their position, and exclaim against the extensive evils which Mr. Owen’s arrangements must create by increasing our present population.« (19, 20)

This is the substance of their reasoning: „If you cause plenty and comfort to abound among the poor, they will increase with such rapidity that the means of subsistence will no longer be found for them.“ And yet, these are the individuals who censure the proposed arrangements, on the plea of the probable loss which their promoter promoters will sustain from their not being likely to answer their intended purpose. Now, if these establishments will not yield a profit of 5%, more than one will not be formed; and then … end of the argument … of their creating an excessive population. But if … they yield this moderate profit, then will [these] establishments increase and, through them, the means of subsistence for the whole island; as additional labour will be devoted to agriculture. (20)

Nur so fern hat Malthus recht, that unless new arrangements are formed in society „crime and misery must increase with our increasing population“; ja it is to be dreaded lest the ratio of their increase very far outstrip the calculation of statesmen. (20, 21) Aber »famine, crime and misery« are in fact as effectually repressed by increasing the means of subsistence as by diminishing our existing population. (21) |

Those economists … anticipate that by emigration, pestilence, or famine, we shall be able to reduce our population to what they consider a proper level … can these gentlemen ensure to this country that our transatlantic rivals, with their immense increase of numerical force, drained from Great Britain through the influence of their perverted theories, will not gladly erect their trophies on our fallen Greatness? Already is our capital beginning to follow our population to more favoured countries. (22) Wir müssen annehmen that all our economists must recommend the employment of our utmost capital and population at home, rather than transport them to foreign  In der Quelle: climes
Schließen countries. (l. c.)

I might here notice,  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen ⦗als einen der Vortheile von Annahme von Owen’s Plan⦘ »the restoration of peace and tranquillity in our disturbed districts; it being now universally acknowledged that want of employment and privation principally contribute to create the present alarming appearances.« (25)

It is certain that society, in these establishments (Owen’s) will possess considerable commercial advantages over society, out of them, assuming that, in both cases, labour by piecework is introduced to the utmost. (27)

The extensive use of machinery, which, in existing society, effectually competes with and depreciates the value of human labour, will, in these establishments, become one of the most efficient means of benefiting the lower classes, since the more useful labour (whether mechanical or human) these establishments can command, the greater prosperity must attend them; as it will put them in possession of the means of creating more useful or valuable productions. (27. Note)

[1)] the purchase of their seed and raw material of clothing (to be afterwards by them manufactured), at the very best market, would create a considerable saving in the cost of their means of subsistence, compared with the manner in which the poor individuals of present society are compelled to lay out their hard |79 earnings; sie haben zu pay the profit of the manufacturer, the additional profits of 3 or 4 successive dealers through whose hands the goods pass, and the expense of repeated carriage before they reach the impoverished hand; this may be averaged at 30%. (27, 28, 29[)]

So cost of a loaf of bread for the supply of a labourer:

The cost of labour for warehousing, superintending the mill, and baking, here supposed to be the same on both sides, therefore left out. I might also notice the great saving of labour … effected merely by the contiguity of the operations of thrashing, warehousing, grinding, and baking, as they might all take place within 200 yards of the same spot. (28 Note)

2) their labour must cost considerably less than at present; in proportion as it enters into the cost of any manufactured article, such article produced at 20% less. 3) Great saving … where 250 families unite in one system of maintenance – the food being prepared in the most economical and scientific manner – compared mit expence of maintaining the same number of poor families in the present mode of living; estimated at 20%.; 4) the vigilance called forth where each member of a society possesses the greatest interest in its well being and prosperity (29) ⦗The reward of labour produced by piecework, and the actual possession and enjoyment of substantial comforts, in proportion to the prosperity of the establishments, must for ever distinguish these hives of industry from those moral pests – the workhouses. (29 Note)[⦘] Dies shown durch progress of society |80 at New Lanark. At the period when its present proprietors became possessed of the works, the depredations committed on them almost exceed belief. Theft, the reception of stolen goods, and every species of intemperance and disorder [were] most prevalent, and the interests of the proprietors were entirely sacrificed to the private ends of these abandoned operatives. (29, 30)

The object of Mr. Owen’s pursuit for the last 25 years … has been the collection of facts relative to the most certain means of benefiting the lower orders of society. (12) His exhaustive early reading plainly discovered to him that every writer on the subject of political economy had been content to mix up some fundamental errors with much that was true and valuable. Finding, therefore, no certainty in thesese these fallible and inconsistent theorists, he determined to apply himself to the study of facts alone; and in order to attain the greater certainty, has formed the most extensive and varied arrangements, that he might the more easily detect any fallacies which might have escaped a less severe scrutiny. He has thus possessed himself of the vantage ground of personal and enlarged experience: disclaiming any subtle or mysterious doctrines, he only requests an impartial and attentive examination … He has endeavoured by every means to induce the acute and philosophical to point out any errors they may discover in his principles and reasonings; and has boldly attacked the prejudices of every sect and party, in order to elicit the utmost force of argument that could be brought against him. (13, 14)

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Citirt in 2nd letter proceedings of Sir Benjamin Thompson (created Count de Rumford durch den reigning Duke of Bavaria) at Munich, with which he has favoured us. (p. 34 sqq.) Proceedings of the Ladies’ Committee at Newgate (Mrs Elizabeth Fry , reforming the female prisoners) (p. 61 sqq.)

3d letter: Settlement called Harmony, originally established in Pennsylvania, recently removed and now in flourishing condition in Indiana. Bericht darüber in: Extracts of |81 [„] Extracts of a letter from Mr. Courtauld, who has recently visited the Settlement, dated Aug. 16, 1819, Clydestreet, Edinburgh.“ (p. 91 sqq.)

Aus:
Henry Grey Macnab: The New Views of Mr. Owen of Lanark Impartially Examined, as Rational Means of Ultimately Promoting the Productive Industry, Comfort, Moral Improvement, and Happiness of the Labouring Classes of Society, and of the Poor … London 1819.
Schließen

The new views of Mr. Owen of Lanark impartially examined etc By Henry Grey Macnab. M. D. London 1819.

Darin enthalten account given by Mr. Owen, of himself, at a Public meeting in London (City of London Tavern, 14 August  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen 1819 (oder 18?) Er sagt, er erzählt his past: „because I wish that everything which can be said against the individual, may be urged by those who are desirous so to do, in order to have done with these trifling and insignificant personalities, and that I may proceed onward to the accomplishment of that which is of real practical utility … I shall not ask for, or accept, any quarter: my purposes have been long fixed; and my determination is, not to give any quarter to the errors and evils of the existing systems, civil, political, and religious, until they shall become so obvious, as that their removal shall be desired by all parties, even by those who now feel the strongest interest in, and inclination to support them.“ ([62,] 63)

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen In der Note sagt MacNab: »Mr. Owen has published several pamphlets on Political economy in manufactories etc[.] He has published and placed at the head of his writings, the excellent work of J. Bellers, and has ascribed to the latter gentleman, with a candour and liberality which does Mr. Owen great honour, the merit due to the New Views.« (63 Note)

Aus:
Robert Owen: An Explanation of the Cause of the Distress which Pervades the Civilized Parts of the World, and of the Means whereby It May Be Removed. London 1823.
Schließen

Robert Owen: An Explanation of the Cause of the Distress which pervades the Civilized Parts of the World, and of the Means whereby it may be removed. Lond. 1823. (Printed by A. Applegath, Stamford-street, for the British and Foreign Philantropic Society[)]

The wants of the world have been long supplied through a commerce founded on a profit upon cost price, a minute division of labour, and a competition of individual interests. (1, 2)

The various systems founded on these principles have been, perhaps, necessary and useful for a particular period of human affairs; the overwhelming influence of scientific improvements, however, is now rapidly bringing that period to a termination. These systems cannot much longer proceed; and profit upon price cannot henceforth be generally obtained. (2)

The minute division of labour has materially deteriorated the human race, by dividing, and thereby weakening, their physical and mental powers; and a competition of individual interests, by creating a general opposition of interests, now destroys the real interests of society, and of every individual of which it is composed. (2)

In the rude ages of the world, before mechanical and other scientific inventions were known, the natural wants of men exceeded the productions of their industry; for much labour was necessary even to create their ordinary food, clothing, and a few simple conveniences, and it was then, if ever, that an excess of population existed. But when, by mechanical and other inventions and improvements, the natural wants of men came to be more easily supplied, artificial wants were then excited, and a new era commenced. A commerce was established, founded on a profit upon price, and individual gain became the ruling passion throughout society. A profit upon price for individual gain, and the accumulation of useless and unnecessary individual wealth, brought into action the lower passions of human nature; a false estimate of all things ensued, and every thing became valued by its cost, instead of its intrinsic worth. Cunning and deception etc (l. c.)

Ebenso minute division of labour u. competition of individual interests have been also found to degrade the human character – materially to weaken the social system, – and to involve society, in its utmost advanced stages, in every kind of difficulty. ([2,] 3)

A profit upon price can be obtained only, when the demand is equal to, or exceeds the supply, while the real interest of society requires that the supply should, at all times, exceed the demand; |83 and herein will be found the vast, the incalculable advantage of general and united interest over individual and conflicting interest; inasmuch as supply cannot be permitted adventageously to exceed demand under the system of individual and opposing interest. (3)

Fortunately, for society, in the present advanced state of science, injuriously as science is now directed, demand cannot exceed, or be equal to supply; for a small number of men, with the aid of science properly directed, can easily produce far more than a large number can (advantageously for themselves) consume. The powers of production, aided by science, being almost unlimited. ⦗the new powers of supply, in Great Britain, derived from science within the last 40 years, exceeds the labour of 350 millions of adults. dies in Note p. 3⦘ At the period when peace was last proclaimed, the new powers of supply which had been called into action by the previous extraordinary demand for the materials of war, were discovered to be far too abundant for the former peace arrangements of society, founded, as they were, on a profit upon price: and from that period, a profit on price upon the average of all British Productions has not been obtained; nor is it likely that a profit upon price can be again procured, except through some great public calamity. For a commercial system, founded on profit upon price, can only be again successful through foreign or domestic war, pestilence, or famine. (3)

Also nothwendig, und alle Welt giebt dies zu, measures to relieve civilized society from the injurious effects now experienced by a system of commerce, founded on a profit upon price, and from the difficulties arising, under this system, from the excess of produce, generated by the new powers of supply, derived from science, which new powers of supply, however, when properly directed, will secure to the whole of society the highest permanent prosperity. … All parties agree in thinking that „something must be done[“.] It is now evident, that that something, by whatever means it may be attained in practice, must permit supply greatly to exceed demand, that there may be an evident excess of supply For All , without injury to the producers. … It is not |84 the interest of any portion of society that production should be restrained, until the wants of all shall have been fully supplied. The existing arrangements of society permit production and consumption to proceed only through profit upon price … a profit upon price, to be successful, must always necessarily limit the supply within the demand. Productions can be easily created to an unlimited extent, even to over-supply the wants of all, why then should not the wants of all be now over-supplied? It is however inpracticable to permit those who are now in want to supply themselves, except through their own labour, and also without the means being secured by which there shall be at all times an excess of supply over consumption without injury to the producers. (4) »This appalling difficulty, in political economy, can be alone overcome in the present stage of society, by scientific arrangements … which shall permit the producers, advantageously for all ranks, not only to produce with facility, but also to consume a larger portion than heretofore, of that which they produce. … it assuredly cannot be effected by a profit upon price, which the advanced state of society, and of the sciences will no longer permit; but it can, and must be effected through arrangements which are to allow of unlimited productions, and encourage the unrestrained exchange of them.[«] ([4,] 5)

The change will, most advantageously for society, commence with those who are in the lowest rank. The arrangements alluded to, are in consequence made for those who are now paupers, who subsist on the industry and wealth of others, and who are not only a burthen to all classes, but a fertile source of crime. (5) Dieser change ist unter gegenwärtigen circumstances der society nur »practicable« »by means of competing for a short time with the existing commercial system … and by these means the change becomes not only natural, but irresistible.[«] (6)

All cost resolves itself into labour … it is evident that those arrangements which can produce the most skilful labour at the least expense, |85 and at the same time support the labourer in the best health and most comfort, will, upon common commercial principles, put all other methods out of the market. (6)

The members of these communities will be able, with facility, to create a considerable surplus beyond their own consumption; this surplus produce they will exchange for the surplus produce of other similar communities, by estimating the value of such surplus produce in labour, and not in money, as at present. By this arrangement they will receive all their external supply, and thereby render money, and all money transactions wholly unnecessary; their labour, for these arrangements, will require no other representative than notes or vouchers, to be given when the articles are delivered at the appointed depot; these notes or vouchers will designate the exact amount of labour contained in such articles, which amount will be estimated upon equitable principles, ascertained and fixed by the communities.* ( Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Heisst in der Note dazu*: (p. 11*) ⦗Their transactions with present society will, of course, be carried on by means of the usual circulating medium.⦘ Thus all bargaining, and its degrading effects on the human character, will be obviated. But even this stage of society will be but temporary; for, by the most simple arrangements, which will be beneficial to all, supply may be made so far to exceed any possible demand, that it will be discovered, in a comparatively short time, that all may use whatever they desire, without the necessity existing for the intervention of any immediate equivalent. (11)

The general advantages of these new arrangements are (to state them in a few words) that they clearly discover to us the only true solution of that, hitherto most difficult, problem in political economy, viz: – The due distribution of that immense amount of production which manufactures and agriculture[,] aided by machinery and other scientific  Bei Owen: improvements
Schließen purposes, can now create. |86 Under these arrangements, an abundant harvest and a liberal supply of all useful and agreeable commodities by machinery, will not produce (as under the existing system) distress and ruin, – on the contrary, these arrangements will effectually Prevent the rising generation from being subject to poverty, or the fear of poverty – will preserve them from ignorance – from acquiring any bad habits or dispositions – from all cause of anger or malevolence towards their fellow creatures etc (11)

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Schliesst mit den Worten:

»And it can never be too much impressed on the public mind, that the only solid foundation of public liberty is to be found in the full supply of the wants – in the virtuous habits – in the intelligence, and consequence consequent happiness of the whole population.[«] (12)

Aus:
The Addresses of Robert Owen, (as Published in the London Journals), Preparatory to the Development of a Practical Plan for the Relief of all Classes, without Injury to any. London 1830.
Schließen

The Addresses of Robert Owen (as published in the London Journals.) Preparatory to the development of a Practical Plan for the Relief of all Classes without injury to any. London 1830.

Aus:
Robert Owen: A Development of the Origin and Effects of Moral Evil, and of the Principles and Practices of Moral Good, Exemplified in the Following Proofs of the Irrationality of the Old Immoral World, Contrasted by an Exposition of the Principles and Practices which Will Ensure the Rationality of the New Moral World. Manchester, London 1838.
Schließen

Robert Owen: A Development of the Origin and Effects of Moral Evil, and of the Principles and Practices of Moral Good. Manchester. 1838.

Aus:
Robert Owen: The Catechism of the New Moral World. Manchester, London [1838 od. 1840].
Schließen

Robert Owen: The Catechism of the New Moral World. Manchester.

Aus:
R[obert] Buchanan: An Exposure of the Falsehoods, Calumnies, and Misrepresentations of a Pamphlet Entitled “The Abominations of Socialism Exposed;” Being a Refutation of the Charges and Statements of the Rev. Joseph Barker, and all Others who Have Adopted a Similar Mode of Opposing Socialism. Manchester 1840.
Schließen

R. Buchanan, Social Missionary: An Exposure of the Falsehoods, Calumnies, and Misrepresentations of a Pamphlet entitled: „The Abominations of Socialism exposed“ being a refutation of the charges and statements of the Rev. Joseph Barker etc Manchester.

 Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen In Antwort auf den Pfaffen citirt R. Buchanan die von ersterem missquotirten Stellen. Mr. Owen’s „Lectures on Marriage“, publ. by Mr. Hobson, of Leeds, are abstracts of Lectures delivered in 1834, and are part of a series, the former Lectures |90 being on the influence of the Institutions of the Priesthood, Lawyers and Magistrates etc etc. and lastly Marriage. … these lectures »not … printed from Mr. Owen’s manuscript … taken down by some reporter at the time of delivery, and afterwards printed without Mr. Owen being a party to the same.[«] (23)

page 7 Mr. Owen begins by saying: „I now tell you, and through you the populations of the earth, that the Marriages of the world, under the system of moral evil, in which they have been devised and are now contracted, are the sole cause of all the prostitution, of all the incalculable growing evils, and of more than one half of all the vilest and most degrading crimes known to society.“

It is, sagt Buchanan, the »existing marriages of the world,  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen the marriages of the priesthood, in conjunction with individual competition and private property, that Mr. Owen denounced[«]. (23)

p. 8 Owen says: „It is now ascertained, that you have not been organized to feel, or not to feel, at your pleasure: you therefore commit a crime, against the everlasting laws of your nature, when you say that you will ‚love and cherish‘, what your organization may compel you to dislike or loathe the even in a few hours.“

p. 9. Owen „… We … have gradually degenerated, through all ranks and degrees into mere pedlars, and panderers for money gains, or some tomfoolery of name or personal distinction, which makes the individual appear only the more conspicuously irrational to those who understand the nature and real character of man. And instead of natural connexions being formed between those whose sympathies or qualities of mind and body are in harmony with each other, wealth, family, title, or privileges of some kind have been the artificial uniting motives, in opposition to national desires  Von Buchanan versehentlich falsch gesetzt. Bei Owen: or
Schließen of pure and chaste feelings.“

p. 10: „Were any of our friends to attempt, individually, to introduce any of our principles and practices of moral good, in this pandemonium of single-family feuds and mal-arrangements, it would increase ten fold, the evils |91 which now reign triumphant throughout almost all the families of mankind.“

p. [11,] 12 „Chastity is a feeling and sympathy mysteriously implanted in human nature, and exists  Von Buchanan versehentlich nicht übernommen.
Schließen [between the sexes] only when in their intercourse, they feel a sincere and genuine affection for each other; and this deligthful union of heart and mind, the Priesthood never gave by their unhallowed, and grossly absurd ceremonies; which they have invented for their gain, and called Marriages; nor do they yet know how to create these pure feelings or to obtain them when created … In the New Moral World, the unerring  Bei Buchanan, S. 28: Laws
Schließen Law of our Nature, that guide which, when referred to, never deceives us, will alone direct the mode by which the association of the sexes will be maintained, as well as every other arrangement for the well ordering and conducting the whole business of human life; but, assuredly the present Marriages of the Priesthood of the world, the source of so much crime and misery, will form no part of it.“

p. 16[, 17] „As men and women have not been formed with power to create their own feelings, or to love or hate at their own pleasure, but are, on the contrary, compelled to receive such feelings as the influence of external objects produce in their organization, it is blasphemy, if any thing is blasphemy, against the laws of their nature, for man or woman to make any promises or engagements relative to their future feelings of affection or hatred, or of liking or disliking, for each other. These feelings are neither to be promised or bartered away with impunity, for nature will have her course and her course is a wise one; and nature declares that man and woman shall associate together without evil, only when they shall have a real affection for each other; and that affection will be strong and durable, in proportion to the extent of the good and superior qualities which shall have been cultivated in each from infancy … The marriages devised by the priests have been the chief cause of this long night of ignorance  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen ⦗nämlich mit bezug auf „human nature“⦘ and superstition, |92 ⦗ Zusatz von Marx. Der folgende Satz steht wenige Zeilen vor dem zuvor exzerpierten.
Schließen Vorher noch: the secrets of nature will be therefore no longer unwisely hidden, and man and woman will acquire more knowledge of themselves and of human nature in one day, than they have hitherto attained in a hundred years.  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Danach folgt: the marriages, devised by the priests etc.⦘

 Marx knüpft hier an den kurz zuvor durch die Klammern unterbrochenen Satz von S. 92 des vorliegenden Hefts an.
Schließen and superstition, of mystery and secrecy. Man and woman, in an artificial and unnatural bond of wedlock, could only be hypocrites to each other and to the world. And the more they became acquainted with the facts from which the general laws of nature are deduced, the greater would be their hypocrisy relative to the most obvious laws of their nature, and the greater would be their sufferings; for hypocrisy and suffering advance together; for deception always produces misery.“

p. 32, 33 „But these unions of the sexes, devised by the priests, still further tend to increase the inequality of wealth in society, by creating motives for wealth to unite in marriage with wealth; and for wealth thus to become the general bond of union between the sexes, instead of affection and suitability of the physical and mental qualities of the parties. These artificial unions are also the least likely to improve the organization or natural constitution of the children at birth; and all know how important it is to have the best materials to commence with, when we desire to form a superior character for mankind. It has been discovered that it is practicable materially to change and improve the organization of many animals for particular purposes. The subject is so well understood that it is known by some men almost as a science; so accurately can they attain the points and qualities of the animal formation, which they desire to obtain. Now, it is much more important to the wellbeing and happiness of man that the human organization should be advanced and essentially improved … The improvements of the organization of man, however, have been neglected, and must be neglected, as long as the marriages devised by the priests and sanctioned by Governments |93 as a divine institution, and conducted on the principle of individual competition for individual wealth, shall remain the law of the land. While this irrational and truly impious practice shall be the law and sanctioned by the public opinion of the most civilized, or rather, least barbarous states, the original constitution or organization of human nature will remain not only unimproved, but it must be annually deteriorated. The effects of wealth, luxury, and marriages of ambition, upon the upper, and of the manufacturing system upon the lower orders, are now rapidly reducing the superior powers and qualities of the human organization in this country to a very low and inferior standard; and should these pernicious measures be permitted to continue, this inferior standard must in every generation become yet more and more defective physically, intellectually, and morally.“

p. 36 „The single family arrangements are hostile to the cultivation in children of any of the superior  Von Buchanan versehentlich nicht übernommen.
Schließen [and] ennobling qualities of human nature. They are trained by them to acquire all the most mean and ignorant selfish feelings, that can be generated in the human character. The children within those dens of selfishness and hypocrisy, are taught to consider their own individual family their own world, and that it is the duty and interest of all within this little orb, to do whatever they can to promote the advantages of all the legitimate members of it. With these persons it is my house, my wife, my estate, and my children, or my husband; our estate, and our children; or my parents, my brothers; my sisters; and our house and property. This family party is trained to consider it quite right, and a superior mode of acting, for each member of it to seek, by all fair means, as almost any means, except direct robbery, are termed, to increase the wealth, honour and privileges of the family, end every individual member of it. Now, all other families … desire to promote[,] by the same fair means, … the interest of every individual relative within their family circle. Thus is every family made a little exclusive world, seeking its advantage, regardless of, and to a great extent in direct opposition to, all other families, having the same objects in view; and, consequently, there is a more or less direct competition between all families.“|

p. 66, 67, 68, 71, 72: „The human law which binds one man to the same woman, and the woman to the man through life, whether or not they can retain an affection for each other, has produced more hatred, and destroyed more love between these parties than would otherwise have taken place, probably many thousand fold. It has produced a general practice of the most gross as well as refined falsehood, and the deepest deception between these parties, and to the public … This permanent artificial union of a single pair for life, has forced a system of promiscuous intercourse, in those countries in which this law prevails, most degrading and injurious to the physical, intellectual and moral character and conduct of both sexes; and thereby produced an extent of injustice, cruelty, and misery, especially to the female, beyond the power of any written statement, or mere wordy document to enable the present race of man to comprehend … through the natural effect of these vicious institutions of the priesthood, acting and reacting continually upon human nature, they are also calculated, as well as if they were devised for the purpose, to constitute a weak, artificial, heartless, miserable condition of human society. This Christian custom cannot therefore, be intended to be the practice of the human race when they shall acquire sufficient experience to become rational creatures.“

„Then the Eastern legal custom of one man having permission to have as many wives as he can maintain, although perhaps, less injurious in some respects than the customs of the Christians, and especially as it materially diminishes promiscuous intercourse, is nevertheless, a most unfortunate device for mankind. It tends powerfully to make men and women weak, jealous, irrational beings. It destroys the confidence of man in woman, and woman in man, and makes woman a mere slave to man’s sexual  Bei Buchanan, S. 36: propensity
Schließen propensities; it tends to perpetuate woman in a state of mental childhood … creates an ignorant and most antisocial state of society etc etc“

„We, therefore, pronounce that neither of these modes of restricting the intercourse between the sexes, will ever produce a |95 virtuous, intelligent, rational, or happy state of human society; and that it will be more in accordance with common sense and with virtue, for Nature, when man and woman shall be trained to be rational creatures, to direct her own proceedings, and to decide upon her own operations. But before this very superior state of existence can be obtained, new general external arrangements must be introduced, of a very different character to those which now exist throughout society …

Many persons conceive that nothing can be easier than to establish a community, and to carry the system into practice; but no community has yet been begun which did not consist of married couples. I have known from the first that no such practice could succeed, as the interest of private families is quite opposed to that of a number of equally free and intelligent individuals.“

Great „domestic, social, and political changes must first be made, before any change can be ventured upon in the institutions of Marriage.“  Bemerkung von Marx. Buchanan zitiert S. 38 die hier von Marx exzerpierte Passage aus Owens „Lectures on the Marriages of the Priesthood“.
Schließen (aus Owen citirt p. 38 des pamphlets von Buchanan)

The Co-Operator

Nummer im Brit. Museum  Periodical Publications
Schließen P. P. 1105 (1–2) Beginnt N. 1, May I, 1828, Ende August I, 1830. (printed at Brighton) In dieser letzten Nummer, see the educational system of Fellenberg in Switzerland.

Aus:
The Co-Operator. Brighton. Nr. 28, 1. August 1830. S. 1–4.
Schließen

In the early part of the French Revolution, he exerted himself to turn the public events of the day to the advantage of his country. He hoped, improved public institutions would materially promote the welfare of the people; soon perceived, that a revolution was a game of selfishness, folly, cruelty and tyranny. Quitted public life. Began with taking charge of a few children, orphans and beggars. His plans prospered: his numbers increased. Has now upwards of a 100 children, of the working classes, learning to labour, and acquiring knowledge and character.  The Co-Operator, S. 1: in the education of workmen
Schließen In diesem work employed for upwards of 30 years.  Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (also Ende des 18 Jh.) He has a farm, on which their education takes place; they are chiefly employed in agricultural labour. |96 They begin to labour as soon as their strength permits; and the kind and quantity of labour they perform, is suited to their age and powers. The farm is supplied with workshops, in which every machine used on the premises is manufactured. The children are also taught these trades, and various others necessary or useful to their own comfort or to their future destination in the world. A moderate portion of the day is devoted to schools, in which the elements of a useful education are taught – reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, history, geometry, land measuring, botany. In these schools the master is not a mere master to teach letters, and keep order with a stick. After school hours, he accompanies the boys to their labour; he assists and instructs them in that; he teaches, by conversation, all the knowledge connected with the employment of the day. The children acquire a double interest in their labour, for it is the source of profit and of knowledge: they understand the mechanical principles of the machines they use, the natural history of all the plants they cultivate in the field or garden, the qualities and uses of all the wild plants and trees of the country, and the nature of the minerals and rocks by which they are surrounded. When they return from their labour they bring home specimens of plants to form herbariums, and of minerals to form museums. They also learn the medical properties of such plants as are used in curing diseases, and the mode of preparing them for that purpose.

Fellenberg takes the children when extremely young, keeps them till they reach the age of  The Co-Operator: twenty-one
Schließen 22; they are then able to go into the world and earn their own living; they either go into service as workmen, or as superintendents and managers of estates, for which many of them are well qualified. Are not brought up above their station, for their habits of life and clothing have been those of workingmen. … Fellenberg does all this without expense. The labour of the children repays all the expenses of their education … This is one of the most important |97 practical problems that has ever been solved in human nature. At 8 years old they begin to labour; at 12 they maintain themselves; after that age their labour yields a surplusproduce, which increases till they leave the school; and by the time they are 21 years old, they have repaid all the expenses of their education. Children may be educated without any expense to any one, but themselves … Fellenberg has doubled the productive  The Co-Operator: power
Schließen powers of his land; no land in Switzerland yields anything like the produce which his does. He has increased the number and value of his buildings; collected libraries and museums of natural history, mineralogy and geology, and models of all kinds of useful machines. The labour of his schools has about doubled the value of his property. (l. c. p. 1–3  Zusatz von Marx. Gemeint ist die letzte Nummer des „Co-Operator“ vom 1. August 1830, aus der diese Exzerpte stammen.
Schließen der letzten Nummer.)

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen In derselben No: »The profits of trade depend very greatly upon good management in buying, both as to quality and quantity; on the one hand there is an advantage in making large purchases; on the other, there is a loss in having too much dead stock. The secret of all trade is a quick return: a small capital frequently turned over, is more profitable than a large one lying dead. The necessity of buying and selling for ready money only, is absolute. A society dealing in credit, must infallibly be ruined in a given number of  The Co-Operator: months
Schließen years … point … now so well known from experience etc (3) Another point of importance … an accurate system of accounts. (l. c.)

The principles of Co-Operation have been disseminated among the working classes  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (durch den Cooperator) and made intelligible to them … 300 Societies have been started up to put these principles to the test. These Societies constitute and a new and a grand experiment … When Cooperation had made a certain progress, and attracted some degree of public notice, it becam became an object of attack partly foolish and partly malignant. (4)

R. Owen.

Brit. Museum 8406.gg.

• 1) A new View of Society (Ersten 2 Essays) (London 1813) By One of His M’s Justices of Peace for the County of Lanark
• 2) A new view etc By Rob. Owen of New Lanark, London. 1814

Dieser whole volume zusammen privately printed, not for sale.

Aus:
Robert Owen: Lectures on an Entire New State of Society; Comprehending an Analysis of British Society, Relative to the Production and Distribution of Wealth; the Formation of Character; and Government, Domestic and Foreign. London [1830 od. 1835].
Schließen

8205.ee. R. Owen. Lectures on an Entire New State of Society, comprehending an analysis of British Society, relative to the Production and Distribution of Wealth; the formation of character; and government, Domestic and foreign. (London) (1820?)

The waste of capital and labour, by unnecessary establishments, and by the production of useless or injurious articles, created to tempt society to purchase them, are small evils compared to etc den (moralischen Folgen der competition) (p. 69) »It necessarily creates a covered civil warfare between the individuals … engaged in the same professions of business.[«] (68) Individual and national competition and contest are the best modes, that have been, or perhaps can be devised, under the existing irrational notions of the world, by which wealth can be created and distributed; and the object desired is thereby effected, in some manner, to a certain extent. But it is obtained by creating and calling into full action, the most inferior feelings, the meanest faculties, the worst passions, and the most injurious vices, which can be cultivated in human nature; and the objects sought to be obtained … yet most imperfectly obtained. (68, 69)

Aus:
[Robert Owen:] Observations on the Critique Contained in the Edinburgh Review for October 1819, of Mr Owen’s Plans, for Relieving the National Distress. Edinburgh 1819.
Schließen

Observations on the Critique contained in the Edinburgh Review for October 1819 of Mr. Owen’s Plans, for relieving the national distress. By a Lover of Truth. Edinburgh, |99 1819.

 Bemerkung von Marx.
Schließen (Ist durch Owen selbst geschrieben.)

»The Reviewers could not finish their Critique without once more expressing the absurd notion, that female intellect is inferior to that of man. Is it possible that, in the year 1819, it should be necessary to tell any public writers in the British Empire, that woman is only inferior to man in bodily strength. Much is the good which such wise mortals do with their power of body! By the authority obtained by that power, these learned guides impose restrictions upon female education; and when they have, by their folly, impaired the mental faculties of woman, they would fain make all mankind acknowledge their absurd doctrines![«] (8)

Aus:
New View of Society. Tracts Relative to this Subject; viz. Proposals for Raising a Colledge of Industry of all Useful Trades and Husbandry. By John Bellers. Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor. A Brief Sketch of the Religious Society of People Called Shakers. With an Account of the Public Proceedings, Connected with the Subject, which Took Place in London in July and August 1817. Published by Robert Owen. London 1818.
Schließen

New View of Society. Tracts relative to the Subject. (1818)

$\frac{\mathrm{1137.k.3}}{\mathrm{1–2.}}$ Wieder anzusehn wegen des WiederAbdrucks v. John Bellers: Proposals for Raising a Colledge of Industry

Darin auch enthalten, der von Owen verfasste „Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of The Manufacturing and Labouring Poor. Laid before the Committee of the H. o. C. on the Poor Laws[“] . Ditto: New View of Society, extracted from the Daily Papers of 30th July, and 9 u. 10th August 1817.

Aus:
Robert Owen: Peace on Earth – Good Will towards Men. Development of the Plan for the Relief of the Poor, and the Emancipation of Mankind. London 1817.
Schließen

Peace on Earth. – Good Will towards Men. Development of the Plan for the Relief of the Poor, and the Emancipation of Mankind. By R. Owen. London ⦗8244.k.⦘ (Sept. 1817 London)

Aus:
Henry Adams: The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law. In: Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law. Boston 1876. S. 1–54.
Schließen

1) The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law (By Henry Adams)

Die Sache dreht sich darum: Absence of all information zwischen 450 (p. C.) (when the Germans emigrated from the Danish peninsula upon the South Eastern Coast of England) bis 600; die sources nach 600 geben ebenfalls kein precise picture of Anglo-Saxon Society. Frage  Bei Adams, S. 6/7: One school has seen in the Roman institutions of the conquered Britons the influence which reacted upon the conquerors, and gave character to Anglo-Saxon law. The other has maintained that the conquerors swept away in one mass every thing which was British or Roman, and introduced pure German law in its place.
Schließen (ob ihr Rechtscourts etc die altdeutschen, oder herkommend von celtischer oder römischer Gründung) noch mehr complicated by the fact that the Anglo-Saxon district, known as the hundred, appears to be a creation of the 9th century at the earliest. But if the district ⦗die gewöhnliche Unterabtheilung des Staats bei den Deutschen,  Bei Adams, S. 5: Sometimes it was called a gau, or scir, and was translated into Latin as pagus, or pagellus, or simply as regio […]
Schließen called pagus etc⦘ did not exist from the first, the district court could hardly have existed, and the historical connection with German institutions is lost. ([5–]7)  Zusammenfassend von Marx.
Schließen Er will also prove, if possible, that the Anglo-Saxons brought with them from Germany and established in England, not merely German law, but German Courts of law, and the German territorial district which was the theatre of activity of the German district court. (7, 8) Um das zu |111 beweisen hinreichend zu zeigen that all the evidence which exists is conclusive in favour of the identity, in the 7 [th] and 8 [th] centuries, between Anglo-Saxon law courts and judicial districts and those of Germany. (8)

Sobald Kent Christenthum acceptirt von St. Augustine   #e* St. Augustine°] Im Jahre 597 begann die Mission des römischen Benediktinerabtes Augustin in Kent; die Erzbistümer Canterbury (601) und York (634) wurden gestiftet und kirchlicher Großgrundbesitz bildete sich heraus. Auf der Synode von Whitby (664) setzte sich die mit der Klassengesellschaft verbundene römische Kirche gegen die iroschottischen und keltischen Kirchenseparatisten durch.
Schließen , begann Process der Niederschreibung des customary law. Erste Collection davon, about 600, the Laws of Aethelberht , enthält 90 short §§, state meist nur der amount of money atonements, die die courts to allow in the enumerated cases of simple personal injury.

Next collection auch Kentish, about 675, unter 2 Kings, Hlothar u. Eadric , zwischen 673 u. 680. Namen für Court of law: methel (Anglo-Saxon), mahal (Frankish), thing (Norwegian) all synonimes synonymes. ( Grimm ) Im 8 paragraph of this collection: „If any man make plaint against another and meet him at the methel or the thing, let the defendant always give surety to the other and do him such right as the Kentish judges prescribe to him.“ (Dies entspricht ganz dem deutschen, by contemporary record for any continental state (of that time)[)]

Next Kentish laws, close of 7t Jhdt, those of Wihtraed . Preamble hierzu welches erklärt that they were adopted by an assembly of great men, including king, archbishop, bishop of Rochester, rest of the priesthood, acting in unison with the people. § 5 of these laws seems to give the name of Gemot to this assembly.

Also für Königreich Kent zweifellos, dass es brought from the continent the judicial system of the Germans in all its parts, and had even followed with exactitude the judicial development of the Merovingian kingdom.

Für kingdom of Wessex evidence nicht so complete. The Laws of Ine of Wessex, the earliest collection of Wessex laws, nicht far, perhaps, von 690; also |112 little older than the latest of the Kentish series.

The next collection of Wessex laws that of Alfred the Great , published towards end of 9th century. The distinction between the 2 courts (deutsche) zwischen district court (heisst hier fol folk-gemot of the sheriff) u. state court (heisst hier: [„]the gemot of the ealdorman“ etc. Dann laws of Alfred’s son and successor, Edward , directed § 8, that „every reeve shall hold gemot every 4 weeks“, while the state assembly, now the ealdorman’s court, [was] in the habit of meeting only twice a year. Aber nicht genug zu beweisen dass the court of the district, später known as the hundred, existed in England von der ältesten Zeit an, sondern to prove the existence of the territorial district as well as that of the court.

Dr. Reinhold Schmid (Gesetze der Angelsachsen) owns that, in all the older sources (before the 9th or tenth centuries), especially in Beda   #e* Beda°] Später genannt „Venerabilis“ (der Ehrwürdige); er verbreitete das vorhandene Naturwissen unter den Angelsachsen. Sein Hauptwerk war die „Angelsächsische Kirchengeschichte“, mit dem er die Zeitrechnung „nach Christi Geburt“ in die Geschichtsschreibung einführte.
Schließen , the hide is always, the hundred never mentioned as the measure of land. Dies beweist nichts, denn down to Norman times the hide was always the ordinary measure of territory. Und Beda’s History selbst swarms with references to places and districts which may have been hamlet hamlets oder aber hundreds, aber certainly were divisions of territory between the hide and the kingdom. Neither before nor after Alfred’s reign erwähnen die Chronicles die hundred; selbst when describing the Domesday  #e* Domesday°] Auch: doom’s-day; Urteilstag, Gerichtstag.
Schließen census of William the Conqueror, it speaks only of hides und shires; also, obgleich hundred long since existed.

Offa , 774, grants three hides „in  #e15 »in [bis] Liden.«°]”im westlichen Teil des Gebietes, das Mersware bezeichnet, was man Liden nennt“.
Schließen occidentali parte regionis quae dicitur Mersware ubi nominatur ad Liden.“ Here is another Kentish Liberty, enjoying its own jurisdiction time out of mind, – that of Romney Marsh. (p. 17)

the State of the 7th century became the Shire of the 10th, while the shire of the 7th century became the Hundred of the 10th. (19)

Citirt   #e34Sohm [bis] assembly°] Hervorhebungen und Bemerkungen in Klammern von Marx.
Schließen Sohm, Rudolf: Die fränkische Reichs- u. Gerichtsverfassung. Weimar 1872 1871 , wo I, 541 gesagt: „The  #e16 „The [bis] century.”°]Bei Sohm, S. 451: „Die fränkische Gerichtsverfassung ist ebenso die Gerichtsverfassung des mittelalterlichen deutschen Reichs. In Folge des Einflusses fränkischen Rechts hat der Satz, kraft dessen die Hundertschaftsgemeinde Gerichtsgemeinde ist, wie die Stürme der Völkerwanderung, wie die Reichsgründung durch Chlodwig, wie die Reformen Karls d. Gr., so die Auflösung des fränkischen Reichs, die Auflösung der Gauverfassung, die Auflösung der öffentlichen Gewalt durch die Landeshoheit, den in den einzelnen Territorien sich vollziehenden Beginn einer vollkommen neuen Entwickelung überdauert. Die Hundertschaftsverfassung ist erst einem mächtigeren Feinde erlegen, der im 16. Jahrhundert erwachenden deutschen Rechtswissenschaft.
Schließen hundred, and the principle that the hundred community is a judicial body, outlived the storms of the folk wanderings, the political creations of Clovis, the reforms of Charlemagne, the dissolution of the Frankish Empire, the dissolution of the county system, the dissolution of public authority by feudalism, the complete beginning of a wholly new development in the isolated territories. The hundred |113 constitution gave way at last only to a more powerful enemy, – the awakening legal science of the 16th century.“

Alfred or some member of his family, in reorganizing the enlarged kingdom, introduced, in imitation of Frankish usage, the name of hundred  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (f. den district); aber introduced nicht the hundred constitution of Charlemagne. Statt dessen the ancient state  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (jezt als shires) were allowed to preserve its state assembly when the national assembly had made it superfluous. This is the distinctive peculiarity of England as compared with Germany. ([20,] 21)

Hier The ancient states, though degraded to the rank of shires, preserved their autonomy to the utmost  Bei Adams, S. 21: practicable
Schließen practical extent. They retained their state assembly; and it was, in fact, their supreme court of law: the king himself sat in it, as in the national assembly. It dealt with folkland, the highest act of sovereignty. In the king’s absence, the ealdorman presided in it. (21) The shire government is not royal, but ducal. Says Sohm : „The Anglo-Saxon shire constitution, in spite of the establishment of the empire, is an expression of still undeveloped royalty.“

Under the new constitution of Alfred, the old district court retained intact with a mere change of name; the old state assembly retained intact, with only a steady decline in its political powers; endlich, a national assembly – the Witan – arose to the highest authority in the U. Kingd., in theory it was an assembly of the whole people, though in practice a highly aristocratic body. the function of acting as a judicial tribunal inherent in the German conception of a popular assembly. Witan became thus the highest court of law in the kingdom. (22)|

The law courts of the Anglo-Saxon cities – the burg gemot, the hustings etc [–] were but the shire and hundred courts in a slightly different form. Ihr origin the same u. ihre procedure. The mark-gemot [was] either the hundred court under a different name, or a mere corporation meeting, whose acts were of a private nature. The various guilds were also without authority as courts of the common law. Nor to be supposed that there was any court of the township … there is no evidence that the township ever enjoyed any judicial powers other than such essential to the smallest matters of police. (22, 23) The township … for judicial purposes … was but a police district of the hundred. Such it was in the Lex Salica  #e* Lex Salica°] Es handelt sich um ein zwischen 507 und 511 aufgezeichnetes Volksrecht der salischen Franken. – Siehe [Lex Salica:] Liber legis Salicae.Ex Bilbl. F. Pithoci. Parisiis 1602.
Schließen , and in all Germanic systems; and such it always remained. (23)

the king, like the ealdorman and sheriff, had no judicial powers separate from those of the court in which he sat. He was simply the presiding officer of that court, with executive powers to carry out its decrees. (24)

Kein appeal, in modern sense, von einem der courts zum andern; the decision of the court was final; it was only when the court failed to decide within the time prescribed, that the case could be carried before a higher court. Against a decision incorrect in law, the suitor had no such remedy. Could then only accuse the presiding officer before the king or ealdorman, and procure his removal as incompetent or venal. (l. c.)

Equity, as part of legal system, begann im Frankenland very early, nie in England during Anglo-Saxon time; erst survived – the Frankish equitable procedure – in Normandy, to be carried from there by the Norman and Angevin kings to England. (l. c.)|

Uebrigens die parties unter Anglo-Saxon regime rarely allowed to push their differences to final judgment; compromise effected if possible; Arbitration, perhaps, the habitual mode of settling disputes among the Anglo-Saxons; this arbitration might take the actual forms of legal proceedings; sehr oft judges mere arbiters in judicial form; the king seems to have habitually performed the function of quasi judge. (26) If a decision were given without the previous assent of both parties to the jurisdiction, it might be rejected and a legal trial required, even though the King himself were judge. This loose habit of judicial administration, stimulated doubtless by popular distrust of the knowledge or honesty of the Kingʼs sheriffs, grew into a system, and not improbably was the germ of subsequent manorial jurisdictions (l. c.)

The three law courts … appear, wie in den earliest times, so in the latest, unchanged during 6 centuries, so far as their essential character is concerned, and unchanged in fact, except by the steadily increasing tendency towards aristocracy and feudalism. This tendency produced the only considerable changes entdeckbar in the long history der Anglo-Saxon judicial constitution, vor der accession Wilhelmʼs v. Normandie. (27)

The royal grants, so far as they affected the ordinary course of justice, double in their nature; in the first place: grants of the fines and pecuniary profits of jurisdiction, which, by the old system, fell to the crown; this an entirely fiscal arrangement, which only indirectly concerns the subject of jurisdiction; not intended to convey, and did not convey,  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen to the large ⦗manorial⦘ proprietors, the capacity of acting as a court of law. (29, 30) The offender blieb in the same position as before, except that his landlord stood, so far as the fine was concerned, in the place of the king. (31)|

In the second place, apart from the fiscal character of these grants, appear in some cases intended to exclude the royal officials entirely from the exempted territory, and to substitute the steward of the church or manor in the place of the sheriff, in all manner of legal acts. This side of the subject … not altogether so clear etc (33) u. diese Unklarheit »all the more remarkable because of the distinctness with which the principle is avowed as the foundation of immunities in the contemporary continental charters[«] . (33, 34) Formula observed by the Frankish kings is dagegen precise on this point. (34) Dies nicht der Fall in den Anglo-Saxon grants (charters), von Aethilbald , Charter v. 718 bis Aethelred (1002, seine Charter of that date). So far as the charters are concerned ⦗there are charters which follow the continental formula, aber all forgeries of a late period⦘, the evidence that private jurisdictions were known to the law of England, before the year 1000, is limited to the inferences that may be drawn from these grants. The best authorities … now agree that the argument, as based on these grants, fails to prove the existence of such private courts of law. ([34,] 35)

Selbst auf dem Continent, the creation of private jurisdictions was a comparatively late event. ⦗Roth, Feudalität  #e* Feudalität°] Das mittelalterliche Feudalsystem in Europa beruhte auf der Vergabe von Lehen (latein.: feodum, feudum) und war die Herrschaftsform adliger Grundherren, d. h. einer sich auf Grundbesitz stützenden, mit politischen, militärischen und Verwaltungsvorrechten ausgestatteten Klasse. Es entwickelte sich ein mehrschichtiges System der Vasallität (Lehnsketten) mit dem König an der Spitze der Lehnspyramide. Da in England (auch in Frankreich ) das gesamte Land „lehnrührig“ (der Verleihung unterliegend) war, konzentrierte sich alle Macht in den Händen des Königs als obersten Lehnsherren.
Schließen u. Unterthanenverband; Sohm   #e*Sohm°] Rudolf Sohm: Die altdeutsche Reichs- und Gerichtsverfassung. 1. Bd., S. 351 ff.
Schließen ; ferner   #e*Heusler, Stadtverfassung°] Andreas Heusler: Der Ursprung der deutschen Stadtverfassung. Weimar 1872.
Schließen Heusler , Stadtverfassung⦘ The first recorded attempt made to set up the authority of a private court against that of the State tribunals [was] that of bishop Hincmar , of Laon about 868. Bis dahin … spiritual u. temporal lords … content with the private authority exercised by them and supported by the State, as regarded their own families and dependants. Such authority, verging though it did upon the character of a legal tribunal, was not |117 as yet, recognized by the law in any other character than that of a private association, which in no way excluded the ultimate jurisdiction of the public courts. (36) Erst mit Verfall aller political ties in Northern France in den spätern Zeiten des 9t u. dem 10t Jhd. (l. c.)

Aber grade diese Periode, so fatal to the structure of European society, favourable to the quiet development of England. Der struggle mit den Danes, marking the lowest point of England’s power, closed by Alfred and Guthrum’s peace about 880. Zur Zeit wo fränkischer Kaiser abgesetzt (887) England began to develop a degree of unity and political power die es nie vorher gekannt. Die Theilung v. Mercia zwischen Alfred u. den Dänen etablirte die supremacy of Wessex beyond all future question; die abilities v. Alfred, seinem Sohn Edward u. grandson Aethelstan fortified this supremacy … mit death of Aethelstan a moment of confusion, aber die administrative skill of Oda u. Dunstan soon restored order, continued undisturbed till after the close of Edgar’s reign in 975 … During all this period, there was no time wo die Krone in a position to make a sacrifice of its rights. ([36,] 37)

Aber im nächsten halben Jahrhundert condition of England sehr changed. Disasters eins more destructive than the other u. culminating in the absolute collapse of the royal power in 1013 u. deposition, or abdication[,] of Aethelred the Unready , who retired to the continent. Absolute political disorganization. English choose a Dane and a pagan to wear his crown, in their submission to Swegen. Nur schlimmer, but in all essentials, the situation of England – 990–1017 – identical with that of the Empire (Frankish) one 100 years before – social u. political anarchy. (38) Natural, dass during these long years of disorder … the great landed proprietors, with the church at their head, |118 should assume powers which did not legally belong to them. (38)

Cnut was welcomed by the English people, who never attempted to disturb his reign. Andrerseits er nicht attempted to disturb their customs; was kein great law-giver; accepted the laws as he found them; the administration of justice remained where it was left by the wars. (38, 39)

Keine contemporaneous evidence – trotz des concurrent agreement of all modern writers that private jurisdiction did exist in the law of England at least from the time of Aethelred – exists to bear out any such theory. If such jurisdiction existed, they existed outside the law; not as a part of the constitutional system; received no countenance from the crown; left no trace on the contemporaneous records of the period. (39)

Seit Thronbesteigung Edward’s the Confessor , new theory of constitutional law makes itself apparent in Form wie matter der royal charters. Dieser „Confessor“ half Norman by birth, wholly Norman by education u. sympathies; filled the offices in his chancery, so far as was in his power, by Normans; attempted to make the Duke of Normandy his successor on the English throne – little surprising that his constitutional practice should have been Norman also. (45, 46) Als Beispiele dieser changes, eine charter, dated between 1042 u. 1050, also early in des „Bekenners“ reign (46, 47); anderes Beispiel; seine royal charter to Harold’s religious foundation at Waltham (1062) etc etc (p. 47 sq.)

The Confessorʼs charters frequently, not to say habitually, convey the most important rights of jurisdiction |119 into private hands, by simple writ, without suggesting the concurrence of the Witan; and they do so on the ground that the jurisdiction is the property of the King in his private capacity and may be alienated at his pleasure. (50) Seine »Theory of government« war dieselbe als die William des Eroberers. (l. c.)

Der Kerl begnügte sich nicht to confer here and there, on favoured religious communities, the privilege of a private court of justice; towards the close of his reign he adopted the settled policy of granting to all religious bodies the jurisdiction which had previously belonged to the state tribunals. Beispiel vom year 1052–53, p. 50, 51. Weitere grants den Archbishops. (p. 51) Er even granted entire hundreds outright into the hands of the church, as in the case of Goddelie hundred, which was given to the   #e* Abbot of St. Peter’s inChertsey°] Abt von Chertsey war damals Wulfwold, der in verschiedenen Charters genannt wird. Edward the Confessor bekräftigte im Jahre 1043 die Betreuung des Territoriums der Abtei durch Wulfwold als Abt, der dieses Amt 40 Jahre lang innehatte.
Schließen Abbot of St. Peter’s in Chertsey … The language of the charters … is enough to show that the intention of the grantor was to convey new privileges (51), in einigen (51, u. 52) giebt der Hund als Grund an to render the churches more secure from external encroachment, whether of the royal officials or of private persons ⦗u. zwar dies (p. 52) mentioned in 2 charters die belonged to the earliest years of Edwards reign u. frequently afterwards.[⦘]  Bei Adams, S. 52: the Confessor’s love for the church
Schließen Pfaffenfreud u. Norman education stempelten den Burschen. Er betrachtete zuerst jurisdiction als private property of the King (l. c.) the recognition of the legality of private tribunals for the church was a recognition of the legality of private tribunals in general. (54)|

England bald covered with new courts of law, endowed by royal favour, or by prescriptive use, mit juridical functions of the most diverse nature over territories inextricably interwoven and confused. Einige dieser territories were complete states of themselves, like the counties palatine of Durham and of Chester. Some were completely organized as counties. Far the larger number had only the jurisdiction of a hundred court. (54)

The manorial system … also dem origin nach Anglo-Saxon, nicht feudal  #e* feudal°] Siehe Erl. ((ccxlv)).
Schließen . The manor was a private hundred, so far as its judicial powers were concerned; the law administered in the manorial court was hundred law; the procedure [was] hundred procedure; the jurisdiction, like that of the hundred, controlled by the shire. The manor was but a proprietary hundred. (54)

Aus:
. Cabot Lodge: The Anglo-Saxon Land Law. In: Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law. Boston 1876. S. 55–119.
Schließen

2) Essay. The Anglo-Saxon Landlaw ⦗by H. Cabot Lodge⦘

»Extreme clumsiness of the Anglo-Saxon mind … apparent« (55)

Free from the injurious influences of the Roman and Celtic peoples, the laws and institutions of the ancient German tribes flourished and waxed strong on the soil of England. (56)

Estates originating in a written instrument (boc-land),
Estates originating in custom: family land (estates of the family or individual); estates of a corporation  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (!), like the mark, thorpe or hundred (the common land); estate of the nation or state (the folcland) (57) The same person could, and often did, hold estates of all the kinds so intermingled, z. B. Duke Alfred bequeathed family land, boc-land, folcland, or certain definite parcels of the same, and appendant rights in common land, and these estates lay in various parts of the County. (Cod. Dipl.   #e*Cod. Dipl.°] [Kemble, John Mitchell:] Codex diplomaticus ævi Saxonici. Opera Iohannis M. Kemble. Vol. 1–6. London 1839; zitiert bei Sohm, Verfassungsgeschichte, Bd. I.
Schließen CCCXVII) (p. 58) There were in England many owners of large estates. The most prominent were the state, the crown, and the church; but also many large individual proprietors, including the king. On these great estates, |121 or on the folcland, groups forming communities, exactly similar to the pure, independent community, – except that the title to the land they occupied was not vested in themselves – were seated. A community on the folc-land affords the best illustration … A large proprietor, like Duke Alfred … held extensive estates of folc-land which he let out to poor freemen, his tenants. A communal group was thus formed, with all the usual intricate relations and customs. In this case (Duke Alfred’s) the title to the land is in the state, the lands are laens to the individual tenant, and communal as to the aggregate of tenants, and Duke Alfred, the lord of the land, is in turn but the tenant on sufferance of the state. There are instances in plenty, in the later grants, of the gift of lands and communities together. (58, 59)

superimposition of one estate upon another, no one of them being entirely destroyed. Judged by its title, the land was of one kind; by its occupiers, of another; and by the manner of dividing and using, of a third. The same person could hold lands of all the 4 principal classes, be a member of several communities, and the practical proprietor of several more, and could create and hold laens. … dennoch land changed its original legal position only by certain well-defined methods (60)

Nothing exercised greater influence on the development of real property law than the growth of the principle of taxation (60). Die deutschen conquerors brachten nirgendwo mit sich irgendein system of taxation; on the continent, they destroyed the elaborate system of the Romans, and introduced nothing; in England … they found nothing to destroy. (60. Note 2)

 Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen Ursprüngliche Steuer war: Military Service, incumbent on every free man. (60)

Wie duty of military service, so attendance on the courts ⦗justice⦘ based solely on personal freedom, and … universal in its application. (61) Die Erobrung neuen, bereits civilisirten Landes, produced the new expense of public works; dies noch met in der alten Manier. Labour on the public works, the roads, and fortification, was added to the army service, and made compulsory on every one. This common burden was the trinoda necessitas, in its origin required of all people, not resting on land, and therefore not the subject of immunity. (61) No genuine charter contains an exemption from the trinoda necessitas. Ausserdem, |122 in all the early charters it is described as the „burden common to all people“ etc, aber nie as »a burden common to all lands«. (61 note 2)

One of the consequences of invasion u. conquest … the rise of the royal or centralizing principle … on the continent, all unoccupied lands went to the king. In England, on the contrary, only certain definite quantities of land were allotted to him. The lands thus given of two kinds, – private and crown lands. Bald wurde es nöthig mehr für den Mann zu thun u. the readiest way to supply the royal needs was by payments in kind or services. In the proem to Wihtraeds laws, u. auch in the first chapter of the same code, a reference to the contributions made to princes and leaders in the time of Tacitus. (Germania XV Purely voluntary nature of these contributions), which became afterwards the cyninges-gafol. (61, 62) The language of Wihtraed’s law is obscure, but can leave no doubt that the gafol still retained its ancient voluntary character. (62) (gafol-gildan rent-payer) (gebur peasant) (gafol-land) ⦗ Beda in seiner description of Aethelfrith , Hist. Aeccl. L. 1, c. 34 sagt, dass Aethelfrith was remarkable for his conquests, and turning the Britons into tributaries „to gafolgyldum gesette“. This suggests one of the sources of the compulsory gafol u. zeigt also its non[-]universality.⦘ [63]

the old voluntary contribution of Tacitus became, in the process of time, assimilated with the cyninges-feorm. The latter was one of the services mentioned in the charters from which immunity was given: These services were dealt with by the Witan, and assumed the form of taxation because their starting point was the folc-land, not because they were services rendered to the king. The kingʼs revenues, considered merely as such, were purely personal, and not of necessity subject to the consent of the Witan. (64) The cyninges-gafol – in its origin voluntary – became compulsory first on the holders of folc-land, u. in its extension followed the course of the other services, becoming finally, as in Cnut’s law, durchaus amalgamated mit them, u. indeed |123 ununterscheidbar from one kind of service. The gafol was in its nature a rent, and did not differ from the rents exacted by private lessors. Die andern services wuchsen an in Zahl steadily, bis unter Edw. the Confessor ihre Liste lang, u. the old voluntary contribution, wie zu lernen von Domesday, had become compulsory upon every landholder in the Kingdom (64)

Ausserdem source of royal revenue – the proceeds of justice, amtlich auch confiscated lands going into the King’s hands; hier Schutz gegen Willkühr in the »criminal procedure«; ausserdem fast in jedem Fall »the judgment of the Witan is expressly mentioned« (64–67)

⦗Escheat of boc-land etc, cases selten … . All estates lying in a community reverted to such community; boc-land reverted to the donor, folc-land to the estate, leaving only family estates, which were neither communal in their origin, nor an old estate of bocland, liable to escheat to the crown, in the modern sense.⦘ [(67, Note)]

Vor der time of Aethelred, no instance of general tax levied by the Witan. The  Kriegssteuer zur Abwehr der Dänen
Schließen Danegeld , at the close of 10th century, was great extension of the power of the National Assembly … The only revenues of the State waren used to support the dignity of the Sovereign. The Witan … had few or no expenses … these services were connected with land, and immunity from them, wenn grosse Majority der charters to be believed, required the presence and consent of the Witan. Dies konnte nicht entspringen aus der Natur der services, weil meist personal, sondern nur aus ihrem origin … Certain lands (and no others) known as folc-land, under the peculiar protection der Witan; to grant an immunity from these services was an especial attribute of the Witan; also die services must have originated in the folc-land. (68) The history of the immunities in the grants is the history of taxation; and its spread from the folclands to all the lands of the Kingdom may therein be traced. (68)|

1) family land: when coming into the range of history, generally held by individuals, was the origin of individual property in land, and in its growth took the form of the development of individual property. (69) the „houseland“, means the ground actually covered by the house, together with the yards, stables, gardens etc –, in short, the curtilage. dies die foundation of individual property. (69) Dieses family land creation of customary law (wie also das folcland u. common land) = an estate essentially of inheritance; based upon the family, subject to certain rights on the part of the family; finally, in origin and theory, liable to no public burdens, except the trinoda necessitas. (70)

At a subsequent period, an attempt – apparently successful – was made to convert estates of boc-land into estates of the family, then rapidly changing into individual property. (l. c.)

Aus:
Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. In der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung, Erläuterungen und einem antiquarischen Glossar. Hrsg. von Reinhold Schmid. 2., völlig umgearb. und verm. Aufl. Leipzig 1858. S. 94.
Schließen Aelfreds Gesetze (p. 94: Dr. Reinhold Schmid , Prof. der Rechte zu Bern: Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, 2t Ausg. Leipzig 1858) § 41: Von Buchländern. (Be bôc-londum.) Se mon se pe bôc-land haebbe, and him his maegas leâfden, ponne (dann) setton we, paet he hit ne môste sellan of his maeg-burge (dass er es nicht aus seiner  Verwandtschaft
Schließen Magenschaft verkaufen soll, ne illom extra cognationem suam mittere possit  #e* ne illom extra cognationem suam mittere possit°] damit jener nicht das Seinige einem Nichtverwandten übergeben kann
Schließen ), gif paêr bîð gewrit ⦗if there be writing⦘ oððe gewitnes (Zeugniss,), paet pâra manna forbod waêre, (dass es deren Verbot war), pe hit on fruman gestrindon (die es zuerst erworben), and para, pe hit him sealdon (u. deren die es ihm gaben), paet he swâ ne môte (dass er es nicht thun dürfe); and paet ponne on cyninges and on biscopes gewitnesse gerecce beforan his maegum. (u. dies thue man kund mit dem Zeugniss des Königs u. des Bischofs vor seinen  Verwandten
Schließen Magen.)

 Bemerkung von Marx. Die Exzerpte von dieser Stelle setzt er auf S. 140 fort.
Schließen Bevor wir auf das weitere hierhin gehörige eingehn, folgendes was der Bursche erst später giebt:

Folcland ⦗Allen John: Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of Royal Prerogative etc. Lond. 1861⦘ ⦗Kemble John M.: Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici 1839. Lond. 6 vols⦘ ⦗Kemble J. M. The Saxons in |125 England. Lond. 1849. 2 vols.⦘ ⦗Maurer Konrad: Ueber angelsächsische Rechtsverhältnisse, in „Kritische Ueberschau der deutschen Gesetzgebung“ München. Maurer Konrad. Island von seiner ersten Entdeckung etc München. 1874.⦘ ⦗Von Sohm (Rudolph) citirt: 1) Die fränkische Reichs u. Gerichtsverfassung. Weimar 1872. 2) La Procédure de la Lex Salica, trad. etc par Marcel Thévenin. Paris 1873. 3) Das Recht der Eheschliessung aus dem deutschen u. kanon. Recht geschichtlich entwickelt. Weimar 1875. 4) Ueber die Entstehung des Lex Ripuaria. In Zeitschrift f. Rechtsgeschichte. V. Weimar. 1866. 5) Die geistliche Gerichtsbarkeit im fränk. Reich. In Zeitschrift f. Kirchenrecht. IX⦘

folcland … „nicht royal, sondern nur des Königs, soweit er at the head of the whole body of the people, represents the public power … the public objects are the objects of all, and the public property the property of all.“ (Sohm)

On the continent the  Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (bei Eroberung) unoccupied lands fell to the crown. ⦗Roth (Paul) Geschichte des Beneficialwesens. Erlangen 1850; von selbigem: Feudalität u. Unterthanenverband, Weimar, 1863⦘. In England, the king had a large share of the conquered territory as an individual, and still more annexed to the Crown; but the larger proportion portion of the conquests remained unshared and national property. The primary use of folcland, accoding to Bede’s celebrated epistle to Ecgberht (Bedae: Opera Minora; ad Ecgberhtum Antistitem, § 11, 12.), was to reward soldiers. Nach u. nach viel von diesem folcland angeeignet, nicht nur durch individuals, sondern ganze communities. Art es zu utilize the land thus occupied – to draw rent, in diesem Fall but another name for taxation. Taxation, abgesehn von den trinoda necessitas, bestand in services to the King, and |126 to this all the folcland was liable. Folcland thus became the  Öffentliches Land, das gegen einen jährlichen Zins einem Erbpächter zur Benutzung übergeben wird.
Schließen ager vectigalis of England. The title was in the State, the usufruct, on certain conditions, in the occupier, and the only power capable of dealing with this land [was] the people in their collective capacity, [or] through their representatives. A well established function of the King or other leader was to distribute the conquered lands; and in this capacity, with the witness and consent of the Witan, in theory … the representatives of the people, he dealt with the folc-land. This equally true in freeing lands from services and in restoring them. In both cases, the consent of the Withan Witan requisite. ⦗(Cod. Dipl. CCLXXXI; Sohm, Verfassungsgesch. vol. I, p. 34⦘ ([92,] 93)

By the will of Duke Alfred ⦗Cod. Dip. CCCXVII⦘, it is determined that estates of folc-land existed, held by private individuals, not heritable nor the subject of devise. Says Duke Alfred: „and I grant to Aethelweard , my son, III hides of boc-land … and if the king will give him the folc-land in addition to the boc-land, let him have and enjoy it. If not, then let her ⦗his wife or doughter⦘ give him whichever she pleases, either the land at Horsalege or Langafield.“ (98 93)

Neither the provision in the will nor the fact that the legatee was the testator’s son was of any legal value in giving a title to the folc-land. The folcland reverted to the State, while boc-land followed the provisions of the book. (93)

⦗The Merovingians Merovingian gifts of crown lands were private and hereditable heritable estates; when once created, confirmation was not necessary to prolong their existence, and was sought merely as evidence of the rightfulness of that existence. The Carolingian benefice, the successor of the Merovingian gift, was an estate which lapsed on the death of either the grantor or the grantee, and confirmation was sought because a new grant was necessary in order to create a new title in the holder or his heirs. The land conveyed by the Merovingian gift was conveyed in full and free property to the grantee. The Carolingian benefice remained the property of the grantor.⦘ [(93, 94)]

The estate of folc-land never became a favorite state of Anglo-Saxon |127 law. ⦗resembles das Carolingian beneficium, wie the estate of bookland das Merovingian grant or gift.⦘

Estates of folc-land … as carefully bounded as any other estates … appear to have existed in the midst of other estates … the character of folcland and its legal position remained for long periods unchanged. Its essential feature – the taxation, of which it was the origin, and with which it was inseparably connected. (94)

One other form of folc-land the laen. Prof. Stubbs irrthümlich meint – u. dies die opinion in vogue – dass folc-land converted into bookland only when the estate created was an alodial and heritable estate for ever. ([94,] 95) ⦗Stubbs William: 1) The Constit. History of England in its Origin and Development vol. I. Oxford. 1874 2) Select charters and other Illustrations of Engl. Const. Hist. from the earliest times to the Reign of Edward the First. 2nd ed. Oxford. 1874⦘

The Anglo-Saxon laen was no leasehold estate in any sense of the word. Lease must be for a term of years, a definite and limited period of time. The time certain is of the very essence of any estate less than a freehold. Nur 1 Beispiel, u. zwar erst sehr spät, of Anglo-Saxon leasehold properly so called. Folgt daraus dass Anglo-Saxons conceived of no estate less than an estate for life. Dies estate sehr precarious as an unbooked laen, or an estate of folcland, so dass der tenant, genau gesprochen, held only on sufferance; dennoch, if a man had possession, it was prima facie a possession for life. Anglo[-]Saxon laen meint estate wo title u. possession not vested in the same person; a loan of land for a greater or less period – rent sometimes being received, and as often not. Two classes of laens, those held by book and those which are not. To the latter class belong the unbooked laens of a lord’s utland, and all estates of folc-land. Nur der leichtern uebericht Übersicht wegen, die estates directly held of the state bezeichnet als folcland, im Gegensatz zu portions of such |128 estates underlet by the tenants of the State – as laens. (95, 96)

⦗Bookland, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, meant „terra haereditaria“ oder „terra testimentalis testamentalis“, aber ebenso a laen created by a book … An estate created by book, whether a fee simple or a laen for one life, was bookland, and remained so as long as held by virtue and under the terms of the grant. Dies gegen Kemble’s views, aber dieser mit Bezug auf scientific theory meagre to the last degree, misty, and confused.⦘

Aus:
Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. In der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung, Erläuterungen und einem antiquarischen Glossar. Hrsg. von Reinhold Schmid. 2., völlig umgearb. und verm. Aufl. Leipzig 1858. S. 574.
Schließen ⦗Feorm ( Dieser Nominativ allein findet sich in den Gesetzen (Alfred 2 Pr.) u. der Genitiv feorme (z. B. Ine, 30) heisst: 1) Nahrung, Kost, Unterhalt; auch Herberge. (so flîgman-feorm od. flîgman-fyrmt; unerlaubte Beherbung eines Flüchtlings), auch für Mahl. 2) Pachtgut, Hofgut, Domaine. (Alfred, Aethelstan; in selbem Sinn das lateinische firma. 3) cyning-feorm, bezeichnet Beherbergung u. Beköstigung des Königs (pastus, receptio regis, firma regis), u. die Abgabe an Lebensmitteln zu entrichten für den Unterhalt des Königs. »Feorm-fultum, Beihilfe zum Unterhalt durch Lieferung v. Lebensmitteln.« »Feormian, lat. firmare: 1) unterhalten, ernähren. 2) Aufnehmen u. Beköstigen landloser Leute.« ( »feormung, 1) statt feorm. Z. B. Alfred: wreccena feormung, die Beherbergung Geächteter. 2) Ausbesserung, Wiederherstellung (Alfred: wâepne tô feormunge syllan.[)]«⦘

The estates of folc-land were obtained in the beginning by general and indiscriminate appropriation. This … method … chiefly employed by the more powerful members of the community. Dr Smith points out; in all the cases where folcland is expressly mentioned by large proprietors, it is owned by large proprietors, the crown, church, king, duke or sheriff. Nevertheless, as time went on, small proprietors undoubtedly took estates of folc-land, and |129 the numberless instances in the charters of grants, represent, wie Kemble richtig bemerkt, the steady process of [conversion of] folc-land into bookland … All estates of folc-land were unbooked laens, and no book laens were folc-land … These estates of folcland were sublet, as appears by the expression in Aethelbert’s charter: „cyninges folc-land quod abet wighelm and wulflaf.“ Letztre were lessees of the King u. estates of this description … laens of folcland im narrower sense as opposed to estates of folc-land im allgemeinen Sinn. (97, 98)

Das folc-land nur so weit alienable, that the holder could grant all the right and title possessed by himself, also capable of subletting. (98)

[»]folcland as a unit was the national fund – the common stock administered by the King and Witan conjointly as representatives of the whole state.« (98)

Dr. Schmid dagegen: dass folcland the special and primary taxpaying estate of the community, aber dafür Konrad Maurer u. Sohm. (l. c.)

König hatte certain general rights in the wild lands all over the kingdom … aber auch the people, wie rights of wood, pasture, water etc u. diese rights in strict analogy with the communal rights, as were the royal rights with those of the  Bei Cabot Lodge, S. 98: king
Schließen kings or lords on the Continent. They endured in England until a late period ⦗See Digby ( Kenhelm Kenelm Edward): An Introduction to the History of the Law of Real Property, with Original Authorities. Oxford 1875⦘

History and ultimate fate of folc-land: Bede’s complaint in the early part of the 8th century is, that the folc-land had even then been so far absorbed by religious corporations and others, that nothing was left with which to reward the defenders of the country. At this comparatively early period the church was the great enemy of the national property, but laymen were not slow to follow the example of the priests. (99)|

A large proportion of the first grants are made „jure aecclesiastico“, or „ad jus aecclesiasticum“. A grant of lands in 736 is made „ad construendum coenubium“, and in the indorsement it appears that this was a grant „ad jus aecclesiasticum“, so that estates of boc-land „jure aecclesiastico“ were estates conditioned to found a religious establishment or perform some similar religious duty. It is the neglect of this condition which especially calls forth the invective of Bede. Apparently, about the same time, an effort was made to enforce this condition by retaking the estate on no fulfilment, and in a case ⦗840, ereignend sich under Berchtwulf, king of the Mercians.⦘ a grant of the king, without the authority of the Witan, is annulled, with the same general object of protecting the folcland. Trotzdem grants of folcland made in the regular way to the church or the courtiers become more and more numerous with each succeeding reign. As the royal power grew, and the government became more centralized, the natural tendency was to throw the control of the folcland more and more into the hands of the King. The establishment of the Danish rule under Cnut exhibits, in a few instances, a very significant change in the form of the grants for which the centralization under the Wessex kings had undoubtedly prepared the way. This change is in the mode of acknowledging the advice and consent of the Witan, and began apparently by directing grants of folc-land simply by a writ in the ordinary form addressed to the shiremoot. … The exception in Cnut’s reign became the rule under the strong Norman influences of Edward the Confessor’s … In Bezug auf fines, confiscation u. escheats, the power of the Witan was recognized |131 even in the days of the Confessor; but the conquering power of William broke down this defence against illegal and unjust confiscation of property. … The people’s land, in William’s time, is no longer heard of. The folcland had become the  Land (oder Hufe) des Königs (lat.)
Schließen terra regis . (99, 100)