December 26, 1868.
The Economist, 26. Dezember 1868. S. 1470–1472.
Schließen
Rates charged in Ireland on a main
line.
d. | |||
---|---|---|---|
1) | Grain | 11/4 | per ton per mile |
2) | Drink | 13/4 | |
3) | Salt provision | 13/4 | |
4) | Pitwood | 03/4 | |
Cut timber | 11/4 | ||
5) | Artificial manure | Marx vergaß diese Angabe. Daher
rutschten die restlichen Angaben in der Spalte jeweils
eine Zeile hoch. Schließen [11/4] |
|
6) | Groceries | 21/2 | |
7) | Bale goods, including wool | 21/2 | |
8) | Bricks, Tiles, slate, Stone | 03/4 | |
Drain pipes | 13/4 | ||
9) | Iron castings and machinery | 21/2 | |
Iron agricultural Implements. | 41/2 | ||
10) | Potatoes | 11/4 | |
11) | Coal and Coke | 3/4 d to 1d. | |
These charges often the highest the Co. can by law make.| |
The Economist, 26. Dezember 1868. S. 1473/1474.
Schließen
The Difficulties of American Finance.
Johnson, the President, in his message: proposes to pay off the debt and interest, by paying the interest alone for 161/2 years.
By Act of Congress of 1867 adopted against the open remonstrance of the Secretary of the Treasury, a large part of the internal revenue was sacrificed. No deficit yet, but the process of diminishing debt arrested.
Revenue. | Expenditure. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Customs | £24,669,000 | Civil Service | £9,002,000 |
Lands | 201,000 | Pensions and Indians | 4,182,000 |
Direct Tax | 268,000 | War Department | 18,487,000 |
Internal Revenue | 28,663,000 | Navy Department | 3,866,000 |
Miscellaneous Sources | 7,042,000 | Interest on Public Debt | 21,064,000 |
Total | 60,843,000 | Total | 56,601,000 |
Surplus. | 4,242,000. |
At this rate of surplus it would take a very long time indeed before the American Debt was discharged. But the real situation not so good as this. The law which diminished the resources of the Treasury was not passed till 31 March, ’67. Its effect will be only seen this year. What that effect is may be gathered from:
He got in 1867–68 | £60,843,000 |
Now expects according to the altered laws | 51,209,000 |
Difference: | 9,634,000 |
He expects a small surplus, by estimating the expenditure at £50,422,000, which is a mere hypothesis.
Sum actually spent in first quarter of the year | £15,772,000 |
If remaining quarters proportionally, the total will be | 63,000,000 |
On a revenue of £51,209,000 this would leave Deficit of | 12,000,000 |
If the Expenditure was as that of last year 56,601,000 Deficit would be | 51/2 Millions £. |
The Situation made still plainer, if, as Secretary does, observed the:
Year ending June 30, | 1866 | £46,384,000 | from Internal Revenue |
1867 | 39,904,000 | ||
1868 | 28,663,000 | ||
1869 part estimate | 20,810,000 |
Descent from 46 Mill. £ to 20 Mill. in 3 years is very great and upsets every calculation. Partly there are great difficulties in Collection and the complaints of the Department are very loud; but partly also, as by the measure of last year, part of the war taxation deliberately thrown off by the American people. Still the pressure of the remaining taxation is still severe. The yield of the Customs has been stationary.
Year ending June 30, | 1866 | £26,856,000 |
1867 | 26,462,000 | |
1868 | 24,669,000 | |
1869 part estimate | 26,201,000 |
This is not the statement of a progressive country. Probably the increasing skill of smugglers keeps the revenue down and hides the real progress made – the tariff likewise growing more and more prohibitive; but there is also great depression, as the complaints about ship building and other trades prove.
American Industry suffers because of an irredeemable currency, which causes fluctuations in prices and consequent uncertainty in performing contracts. McCulloch wishes to get rid of this irredeemable currency, suggesting last year the contraction of the currency till it equals gold in value. That suggestion was scouted. His idea now is to make contracts to pay in coin, as well as „in lawful money of the U. St.“ permissible. In practice it is hoped this would lead to the abandonment of irredeemable paper.
The interest of the debt is out of all proportion excessive when the position and resources of the State are considered. It would be a great gain to pay less. But credit of U. St. bad, mainly through fear of repudiation, especially through the fear that the principal of certain debts will be paid off in depreciated currency. McCulloch verlangt daher a declaration of the Legislature, that the principal shall be paid in „that currency which is alone recognised as money in the dealings of nation with nation.“ It is the height of folly to go on paying a burdensome interest for 17 years for the sake of paying off a smaller sum in principal at the end of that time. Repudiation loans in the future.
Johnson, in his message, directs attention to the circumstances under which high rates of interest were agreed to. He dwells on the huge profits of the capitalist who holds obligations for 300 and 400 P.Ct. more than the U. St. received. He represents America as paying tribute to the foreigner, and national debts as characteristic of monarchies.
Even McCulloch speaks quite frankly of the people of the West being „more sensible of the burdens of Federal Taxation than are those of the Eastern States“, because few bonds are held in the former.|
86The recent declaration of the House of Representatives passed in consequence of the President’s proposition:
„That all forms and degrees of repudiation of the national indebtedness are odious to the American people, and that under no circumstances will their representatives consent to offer the public creditor as full compensation a less amount of money than that which the Gvt. contracted to pay him.“ … this does not settle the grave doubt about the 5-20’s – the dispute as to what money, whether coin or greenbacks, the principal is to be paid in.
The Economist, 26. Dezember 1868. S. 1477/1478.
Schließen
Paternal Landlordism.
M. A. Shelton (dieser case a few days since before the Birmingham Bankruptcy Court), having become bankrupt, applied to pass her last examination and for an order of discharge. She was somewhat sharply examined by her assignee, who, as her and her late husband’s attorney, had become her creditor, as to her disposal of some ewes and lambs, and some cows, which it appeared she had given to her children. Paternal system of landlordism in the Midlands. Her husband had died some time ago, and since his death she had been struggling to maintain her family by the occupation of the farm. „We were there 40 years”, she said, „and we did everything – buildings, gates, and everything on the farm; for it was like an uninhabited place when we went there; and we never got a farthing for all we had done. My poor husband said on his dying bed: I am sorry for you. I have been working all my lifetime for the Squire, not for you and my family“. Those were his dying words.
She said: „Only 6 years ago all the land wanted draining and we had to do it all, except just putting the tiles in. Then my poor husband lay ill 11 weeks, and we never had the least transactions of any kind, and I had to sell my beasts and pay some debts directly after his death. Then I had half a years’ rent and above 170l. odd to pay. I was obliged to sell my stock and I paid all that off. Then at the latter end of the year I had another rent to pay, and then they sent me out of the farm without a farthing for all we had done upon it. There was not anything in the world on it but what we built ourselves – we improved the land as well as the building. We built a lime-kiln, and we bought all the manure round that ever we could get … . After the death of my husband it became time to sow turnips and oats. The landlord said he would enter an action against me if I sowed oats, and I did not do it. He said he would take the ploughed land to himself at Michelmaas, and I did not expect to pay rent after that. He took the ploughed land at Michelmaas, and charged me with with rent to Ladyday.“ Und wegen dieser lezteren rent after the land was given up, erzwingt der Squire noch adjournment des Verfahrens vor dem Bankruptcy Court.
Inhalt:
- January 4, 1868.
- January 11, 1868.
- Railways und State Control.
-
Caledonian Railway.
(Report of Committ. of
Investigation)
- Contract
Corporation (Lim.)
(Chancery in)
- Insurance Cos. Their Getting up and
Winding up (Workingmen
beschissen).
- Silk in 1867. (Annual Circular of Durant et
Co.)
- Agricultural Implements. 1867. (Annual
Circular of Burgess and Key.)
- Railways und State Control.
- January 18, ’68.
- 25. January 1868.
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- Italian Deficits.
-
Midland Railway.
(Börsenmogelei und
Directors.)
-
Caledonian
Railway. (Ersatz des
Verschleisses.)
- Banks and Railway Cos.
- Overend,
Gurney et Co. (lim.) Report of the
Liquidators.
- Capital of Railways in U. Kingd. Board of Trade
Return. (für 1866)
- Lawyers and railways
- Railway Trains (1866)
- Causes of Commercial Depression. (Eingesandt
von
G.
Townend. Mincing Lane.)
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- 1 February, 1868.
- 8 February 1868.
- 15 February, 1868.
- 22 February 1868.
- 29. February 1868.
- 7. March. 1868.
- March 14, 1868.
- March 21, 1868.
- March 28, 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- 18 April 1868.
- April 25, 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 9, 1868.
- May 16.
1866
1868
.
- 23. May 1868.
- May 30, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 20. 1868.
- June 27. 1868.
- July 11. 1868.
- Alderman
Dakin.
- H. E.
Bird, public Accountant, Estimate of Railway (nach
den official accounts der Directors
(!))
- Labor of Superintendence. Venezuelan Loan.
(„Venezuela: Its Government and its People, and the History of
the Loan of 1864. By E. B. Eastwick, C. B. F.R.S., late
Secretary of legation at the Court of Persia; and
Commissioner for the Venezuelan Loan for 1864.“ (London.
1868.))
- Income Tax. Ireland.
- Australian Gold. Imports in U. Kingd.
for 10 J. end. 1867 (inclusive).
- Alderman
Dakin.
- July 18. 1868.
- July 25. 1868.
- August 1. 1868.
- August 8. 1868.
- 15 August. 1868.
- 22. August. 1868.
- August 29. 1868.
- 5 September. 1868.
- 12. September 1868.
- September 19. 1868.
- 26. September. 1868.
- October 3. 1868.
- October 10, 1868.
- October 17. 1868.
- October 24. 1868.
- October 31. 1868.
- November 7. 1868.
- November 14. 1868.
- November 21. 1868.
- 28 November 1868.
- 5 December 1868.
- 12 December 1868.
- 19 December 1868.
- Nachtrag zu November 14. 1868.
- 26 December 1868.
- January 4, 1868.
- 11 January 1868.
- 25 January. 1868.
- 1 February, 1868.
- February 8, 1868.
- February 15, 1868.
- February 22. 1868.
- 29 February. 1868.
- March 7, 1868.
- March 14. 1868.
- 21 March. 1868.
- 28 March 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- April 18. 1868.
- April 25. 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 16, 1868.
- May 23. 1868.
- May 30. 1868.
- June 6. 1868.
- July 4, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 27, 1868.
- July 11, 1868.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- Sir Morton
Peto and the London,
Chatham, and Dover Co.
- Finance versus Finance. (Lewis. Hauptschwindler)
- From: Annual Report (1868) of the Irish Poor Law
Commissioners.
- Amount of gold, silver, and copper monies coined in
each year 1853–67.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- July 18. 1868.
- August 1, 1868.
- August 8, 1868.
- August 15, 1868.
- August 22, 1868.
- October 10. 1868.
- November. 21. 1868.
- December 5, 1868.
- December 12, 1868.
- December 26, 1868.
- Ch. I Definition:
- Ch. II. International Indebtedness
- Ch. III. Various Classes of Foreign Bills in which
International Indebtedness is ultimately embodied.
- Ch. IV. Fluctuations in the price of foreign
bills.
- Ch. V. Interpretation of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- Ch. VI. Socalled Correctives of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- I)
Wechselrechnung etc.
-
Intermezzo. (Kettenregel, und Prozentrechnung)
- Alligationsrechnung.
-
Procentrechnung.
- Zinsrechnung.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- II)
Aufsuchung des Kapitals.
- III)
Aufsuchung des Zinsfusses.
- IV)
Aufsuchung der Zeit.
- V)
Aufsuchung eines um die Zinsen vermehrten
Kapitals.
- VI)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen oder des Kapitals,
welche in einem, Kapital u. Zinsen darstellenden,
Werth enthalten sind.
- VII)
Aufsuchung eines mittleren Zinsfusses für
mehrere Kapitalien.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- B)
Berechnung Zusammengesezter Zinsen.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
-
Discontrechnung.
-
Terminrechnung. (Reductionsrechnung, Zeitrechnung)
-
Wechselrechnung (cont. von
p. 118)