June 27, 1868.
The Economist, 27. Juni 1868. S. 729/730.
Schließen
The Sources of our Subsistence. Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (U. States etc)
Caird observed „our principal dependence must be on the U. States of America“ and he gave as the result of careful investigation the following figures, which in their order show the proportions in which the various countries have contributed to our wants in wheat:|
72Also nach Caird:
1) | United States | 35 P.Ct. | |
2) | Germany | 20 | |
3) | Russia | 17 | |
4) | France | 12 | |
5) | Egypt | 6 | |
Other Countries | 10 | Total 100. |
In 1862 – Caird remarks – the year of largest wheat import ever known, America sent 5/11 of that whole import.
1) | Russia: | Northern Ports: | qrs. 312,292 | |
Southern Ports: | 2,924,300 | Total: 3,236,592. | ||
2) | Germany | Prussia: | 1,285,906 | |
Schlesw. Holstein. Lauenburg: | 29,359 | |||
Hanse Towns: | 161,746 | |||
Germany: Other Ports. | 162,135 | Total: 1,639,146. | ||
3) | Un. States | 966,464 | . | |
4) | Chili | 449,129 | ||
5) | Turkish Dominions (not otherwise specified) | 439,526 | ||
6) | Egypt | 335,025 | ||
7) | British North America | 157,644 | ||
8) | France | 137,862 | ||
9) | Illyria, Croatia and Dalmatia | 125,223 | ||
10) | Wallachia and Moldavia | 125,082 | ||
11) | Denmark | 96,464 | ||
12) | Spain | 30,170 | ||
13) | Venetia | 27,407 | ||
14) | Other Countries: | 229,375 | ||
Total: | 7,995,109 | . |
During the Civil war and till end of 1864 the U. St. had ample harvests, which helped materially in the great struggle, but in 1865 and 1866 very deficient crop, and the effect upon the English Imports was immediate.
1862 | qrs 3,724,770 | In 1862 a time of low price |
1863 | 2,008,708 | |
1864 | 1,821,926 | In 1864 und ʼ65 in Europe the harvests were good. Americans had little to send, and did not want to send. |
1865 | 271,758 | |
1866 | 146,601 | |
1867 | 966,464 |
France imports in bad, exports in good years. Mostly seasons same for France as for England. So France competitor in the general food market when English harvest bad, and on additional competitor with our English growers when our harvest is good. Adds to an abundance, intensifies a scarcity.
1859 | Qrs: 1,096,672 |
1860 | 552,601 |
1861 | 181,672 |
1862 | 224,835 |
1863 | 34,034 |
1864 | 135,485 |
1865 | 519,893 |
1866 | 810,490 |
1867 | 137,862. |
The Economist, 27. Juni 1868. S. 733/734.
Schließen
On the Ownership and Occupation of Land
(Communicated) Zusatz von
Marx.
Schließen (Mortgagee etc)
Economists regard little a very important [person] in agriculture – the mortgagee. He is to be found wherever land can furnish a valid security for a loan. In countries where the custom of hiring the land of another is unpopular or little practised, he becomes to a great extent the recipient of the rent. Thus in the U. States, instead of letting his land the proprietor sells it out and out, receiving we will suppose 10 P.Ct. money down, and the remainder of his claim in nine annual instalments with interest, retaining his hold upon the land as his security until the debt is fully discharged. In this case, he really receives rent in the shape of interest and capital. The same thing exists in Norway: Land is rarely, if ever, sold in that country for ready money, and the proportion of landed property mortgaged is very large.
In Flanders, a large portion of the cultivators are tenant farmers holding on short leases and at rack rents.|
73The occupier is in the most favourable position, other things being equal, when he can devote the largest amount of capital and intelligence to the actual cultivation of the soil. This the case in the English system. He ought to be regarded as a borrower of the land or its value, at a rate of interest probably less than 3 P.Ct.
Suppose case of a farm of 200 acres, with rent of 30sh. p. acre. This represents a sum of 10,000l., which, did the land belong to the occupier, he must find from his own means or borrow at a rate of certainly not less than 4%, perhaps higher, with the risk of being called upon for repayment at the most inconvenient moment.
Rent | £300 |
Profit on active capital, and pay for personal service, say 15 P.C. | 300 |
Total: 5 P.Ct. on £.12.000 | £600. |
Profit on active capital (2000£) as before | £300 |
Return from 10,000l. vested in cottage property, on mortgage, or in railway bonds etc, at least 5% | 500 |
Total income from 12,000£ | 800. |
Or 1/3 more than in case I, with less risk. |
Let us now suppose that a man worth £2,000 resolves to purchase land and
cultivate it himself, that he lays out £1,500 in the purchase, and
retains £500 for cultivation. How will his income stand? Rent: £45. Profits on active
capital: 50l.
Personal service: £50. Total
income: £145, little more than that of a mechanic. In all
probability within a few years he will become embarrassed and borrow, or
will be tempted or necessitated to sell his land, and at any rate he
will occupy a lower position and more restricted income than if he had
employed his capital in cultivating the land of another. … Im Ganzen
income Gemeint ist die Kultivierung gepachteten
Landes.
Schließen on land durch farming 10% (excl. of interest), on purchasing 3%, difference 7%. So long then as a class of
persons is to be found who will hold or purchase land paying only 3
P.Ct., it will be the interest of the actual cultivator to hire rather
than to buy land. The cultivation of land in small quantities especially
by its owners bears a close analogy to the process of domestic
manufacture once almost universal, which has generally yielded to the
factory system.
Inhalt:
- January 4, 1868.
- January 11, 1868.
- Railways und State Control.
-
Caledonian Railway.
(Report of Committ. of
Investigation)
- Contract
Corporation (Lim.)
(Chancery in)
- Insurance Cos. Their Getting up and
Winding up (Workingmen
beschissen).
- Silk in 1867. (Annual Circular of Durant et
Co.)
- Agricultural Implements. 1867. (Annual
Circular of Burgess and Key.)
- Railways und State Control.
- January 18, ’68.
- 25. January 1868.
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- Italian Deficits.
-
Midland Railway.
(Börsenmogelei und
Directors.)
-
Caledonian
Railway. (Ersatz des
Verschleisses.)
- Banks and Railway Cos.
- Overend,
Gurney et Co. (lim.) Report of the
Liquidators.
- Capital of Railways in U. Kingd. Board of Trade
Return. (für 1866)
- Lawyers and railways
- Railway Trains (1866)
- Causes of Commercial Depression. (Eingesandt
von
G.
Townend. Mincing Lane.)
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- 1 February, 1868.
- 8 February 1868.
- 15 February, 1868.
- 22 February 1868.
- 29. February 1868.
- 7. March. 1868.
- March 14, 1868.
- March 21, 1868.
- March 28, 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- 18 April 1868.
- April 25, 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 9, 1868.
- May 16.
1866
1868
.
- 23. May 1868.
- May 30, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 20. 1868.
- June 27. 1868.
- July 11. 1868.
- Alderman
Dakin.
- H. E.
Bird, public Accountant, Estimate of Railway (nach
den official accounts der Directors
(!))
- Labor of Superintendence. Venezuelan Loan.
(„Venezuela: Its Government and its People, and the History of
the Loan of 1864. By E. B. Eastwick, C. B. F.R.S., late
Secretary of legation at the Court of Persia; and
Commissioner for the Venezuelan Loan for 1864.“ (London.
1868.))
- Income Tax. Ireland.
- Australian Gold. Imports in U. Kingd.
for 10 J. end. 1867 (inclusive).
- Alderman
Dakin.
- July 18. 1868.
- July 25. 1868.
- August 1. 1868.
- August 8. 1868.
- 15 August. 1868.
- 22. August. 1868.
- August 29. 1868.
- 5 September. 1868.
- 12. September 1868.
- September 19. 1868.
- 26. September. 1868.
- October 3. 1868.
- October 10, 1868.
- October 17. 1868.
- October 24. 1868.
- October 31. 1868.
- November 7. 1868.
- November 14. 1868.
- November 21. 1868.
- 28 November 1868.
- 5 December 1868.
- 12 December 1868.
- 19 December 1868.
- Nachtrag zu November 14. 1868.
- 26 December 1868.
- January 4, 1868.
- 11 January 1868.
- 25 January. 1868.
- 1 February, 1868.
- February 8, 1868.
- February 15, 1868.
- February 22. 1868.
- 29 February. 1868.
- March 7, 1868.
- March 14. 1868.
- 21 March. 1868.
- 28 March 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- April 18. 1868.
- April 25. 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 16, 1868.
- May 23. 1868.
- May 30. 1868.
- June 6. 1868.
- July 4, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 27, 1868.
- July 11, 1868.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- Sir Morton
Peto and the London,
Chatham, and Dover Co.
- Finance versus Finance. (Lewis. Hauptschwindler)
- From: Annual Report (1868) of the Irish Poor Law
Commissioners.
- Amount of gold, silver, and copper monies coined in
each year 1853–67.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- July 18. 1868.
- August 1, 1868.
- August 8, 1868.
- August 15, 1868.
- August 22, 1868.
- October 10. 1868.
- November. 21. 1868.
- December 5, 1868.
- December 12, 1868.
- December 26, 1868.
- Ch. I Definition:
- Ch. II. International Indebtedness
- Ch. III. Various Classes of Foreign Bills in which
International Indebtedness is ultimately embodied.
- Ch. IV. Fluctuations in the price of foreign
bills.
- Ch. V. Interpretation of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- Ch. VI. Socalled Correctives of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- I)
Wechselrechnung etc.
-
Intermezzo. (Kettenregel, und Prozentrechnung)
- Alligationsrechnung.
-
Procentrechnung.
- Zinsrechnung.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- II)
Aufsuchung des Kapitals.
- III)
Aufsuchung des Zinsfusses.
- IV)
Aufsuchung der Zeit.
- V)
Aufsuchung eines um die Zinsen vermehrten
Kapitals.
- VI)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen oder des Kapitals,
welche in einem, Kapital u. Zinsen darstellenden,
Werth enthalten sind.
- VII)
Aufsuchung eines mittleren Zinsfusses für
mehrere Kapitalien.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- B)
Berechnung Zusammengesezter Zinsen.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
-
Discontrechnung.
-
Terminrechnung. (Reductionsrechnung, Zeitrechnung)
-
Wechselrechnung (cont. von
p. 118)