June 13, 1868.
The Economist, 13. Juni 1868. S. 678/679.
Schließen
The Association of Workmen and
Capitalists. Vol. VI in the Reports of the English Commissioners on the
Paris Exhibition
Msrs. Crossley, of Halifax, on the largest scale. The
nominal capital £1,650,000, in 110,000 shares of £15 each, of which £10
are paid up. Of these, 88,000 shares, representing a capital of
1,320,000l., are held by John Crossley, Joseph Crossley, and Sir Francis Crossley, leaving only
about 1/5 to be held
by the public and the workmen. How the amount is shared between these is
not stated, but the articles of association contain elaborate provisions
for the holding of shares on account of married women and minors; and a
memorandum annexed describes the measures taken to bring in the workmen.
Not only is a decided preference given to applications from managers and operatives in the allotment of
shares, but 5,000 shares were „retained“ for the managers, clerks, foremen, and Zusatz von Marx.
Schließen (!) – workpeople, to whom the firm lent money, amounting in the aggregate to
56,150l., to enable them to take up the
shares. For the sums thus lent, interest at the rate of 5 P.Ct. is
charged, and the difference between that amount and the dividend is
credited to the account opened. If a 20 P.Ct. dividend is continues, the shares will pay themselves off in 1872. Beyond
these measures to associate those employed, – who number altogether
4,795, of whom 1,881 are adult males, the rest being women or minors –
the firm do nothing to stimulate the activity of the workmen, except
paying ordinary wages by the piece. There is no mention of any system of
bonus to shareholders and non-shareholders. The first dividend was 15
Pc., the second 20 P.Ct. The shares are now selling at 10l. p. share premium.
Greening et Co: Nominal capital is £50,000 in 10,000 shares of £5 each, but only £4,000 have been issued, viz 2,000 to Edward Owen Greening and Joseph Greening and 2000 to all the others. The number of partners altogether is 45 to 50, and the number of employed is about 70, of whom only 30 are adults. Since the establishment of the Lim. Co. there has been a dividend at the rate of 15 P.Ct., the average of former years, and in addition a bonus of 5% has been paid to the workpeople on their wages – the average weekly wages to adults being 28s. and the highest 2l. The same bonus, as far as appears, has been paid to shareholders and non shareholders, the former getting no preference as in the case of Msrs Briggs.
In dem system of Mssrs Fox, Head, and Co., there is little more than an arrangement for paying a bonus. There are no shareholders. After reserving 10% p.a. for interest on capital, the profits above that amount were to be divided equally among the employers and the employed. Besides, although no partnership or association is allowed, the amended law of partnerships is taken advantage of to allow workmen to invest their savings in the works, withdrawable on 6 months’ notice. On the amount 5 P.Ct. interest certain is to be paid, and a share in the profits above 10 P.Ct. Investing workmen would thus not be in the position of shareholders in Crossleys etc, but then they run no risk or of loss.
The iron trade bad und this has perhaps helped to cause failure in the Fox concern; but looking at the strikes which have taken place, the objects of the system can hardly have been gained. Although Msrs. Fox place foremost amongst the conditions of employment with them that no Union men shall be employed, they have had according to their own report the following strikes:
From 21 October to 31 Octob. 1864 = 10 days; this was to obtain the same wages for forge rolling (notwithstanding an improvement in the machinery by which the make was nearly doubled) that was paid in other works which had not the same improvement. The extra cost of the improved machinery to us was about £1,000, for which they wished to credit us nothing. Part of this 10 days was, however, the result of a breakage.
11 March to 30 March, 1865 = 19 days: This was
to resist the notice of 10 P.Ct. reduction which
had been issued by the Iron Manufacturers’ Association, of which we
were then members. Kommentar von Marx.
Schließen (obgleich sie ihren workmen
verboten, members of a Union zu sein!) The great
fall in prices had necessitated this.
14 July to 22 August, 1866 = 39 days: This was to resist a second notice of reduction on account of the still greater depression of trade and prices.
8 September to 20 November, 1866: = 73 days. This was a continuance of the last strike, a 3 weeks’ interval having intervened on a temporary arrangement which could not be prolonged indefinitely. … In all cases everything must depend on the capitalist, and the giving of a bonus anyhow might seem sufficient, but the facts are the other way; the how is a detail of importance. The capitalists, as in the Crossley case, may provide expressly that the „governing directors“, that is the old partners, shall have entire control; yet the concession of modified rights to others, the public procedure consequent on the formation of a limited Co., and all the other effects of co-operation, create confidence such as is not so easily called forth when the capitalist „makes no fuss about it“, and does nothing to disguise his authority. Of course it would never do for the employer to give up any real control or veto, his interest remaining far preponderant to that of all others; his retention of control is the condition precedent of any mixed system of cooperation in which he takes part; but the machinery of an association seems useful in securing all the advantages of a plan for making the workmen participate in profits.
The Economist, 13. Juni 1868. S. 680–682.
Schließen
The Economist: J. E.
Horn
Schließen Abraham Einhorn. French Finance.
In „Salut au Troisième Milliard“ sagt
er u.a. that in
country local taxes, as well as those of the
State, each family has to pay 300 fcs a year statt The Economist: 240 to 250
Schließen 250f. as he at first represented.
Inhalt:
- January 4, 1868.
- January 11, 1868.
- Railways und State Control.
-
Caledonian Railway.
(Report of Committ. of
Investigation)
- Contract
Corporation (Lim.)
(Chancery in)
- Insurance Cos. Their Getting up and
Winding up (Workingmen
beschissen).
- Silk in 1867. (Annual Circular of Durant et
Co.)
- Agricultural Implements. 1867. (Annual
Circular of Burgess and Key.)
- Railways und State Control.
- January 18, ’68.
- 25. January 1868.
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- Italian Deficits.
-
Midland Railway.
(Börsenmogelei und
Directors.)
-
Caledonian
Railway. (Ersatz des
Verschleisses.)
- Banks and Railway Cos.
- Overend,
Gurney et Co. (lim.) Report of the
Liquidators.
- Capital of Railways in U. Kingd. Board of Trade
Return. (für 1866)
- Lawyers and railways
- Railway Trains (1866)
- Causes of Commercial Depression. (Eingesandt
von
G.
Townend. Mincing Lane.)
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- 1 February, 1868.
- 8 February 1868.
- 15 February, 1868.
- 22 February 1868.
- 29. February 1868.
- 7. March. 1868.
- March 14, 1868.
- March 21, 1868.
- March 28, 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- 18 April 1868.
- April 25, 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 9, 1868.
- May 16.
1866
1868
.
- 23. May 1868.
- May 30, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 20. 1868.
- June 27. 1868.
- July 11. 1868.
- Alderman
Dakin.
- H. E.
Bird, public Accountant, Estimate of Railway (nach
den official accounts der Directors
(!))
- Labor of Superintendence. Venezuelan Loan.
(„Venezuela: Its Government and its People, and the History of
the Loan of 1864. By E. B. Eastwick, C. B. F.R.S., late
Secretary of legation at the Court of Persia; and
Commissioner for the Venezuelan Loan for 1864.“ (London.
1868.))
- Income Tax. Ireland.
- Australian Gold. Imports in U. Kingd.
for 10 J. end. 1867 (inclusive).
- Alderman
Dakin.
- July 18. 1868.
- July 25. 1868.
- August 1. 1868.
- August 8. 1868.
- 15 August. 1868.
- 22. August. 1868.
- August 29. 1868.
- 5 September. 1868.
- 12. September 1868.
- September 19. 1868.
- 26. September. 1868.
- October 3. 1868.
- October 10, 1868.
- October 17. 1868.
- October 24. 1868.
- October 31. 1868.
- November 7. 1868.
- November 14. 1868.
- November 21. 1868.
- 28 November 1868.
- 5 December 1868.
- 12 December 1868.
- 19 December 1868.
- Nachtrag zu November 14. 1868.
- 26 December 1868.
- January 4, 1868.
- 11 January 1868.
- 25 January. 1868.
- 1 February, 1868.
- February 8, 1868.
- February 15, 1868.
- February 22. 1868.
- 29 February. 1868.
- March 7, 1868.
- March 14. 1868.
- 21 March. 1868.
- 28 March 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- April 18. 1868.
- April 25. 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 16, 1868.
- May 23. 1868.
- May 30. 1868.
- June 6. 1868.
- July 4, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 27, 1868.
- July 11, 1868.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- Sir Morton
Peto and the London,
Chatham, and Dover Co.
- Finance versus Finance. (Lewis. Hauptschwindler)
- From: Annual Report (1868) of the Irish Poor Law
Commissioners.
- Amount of gold, silver, and copper monies coined in
each year 1853–67.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- July 18. 1868.
- August 1, 1868.
- August 8, 1868.
- August 15, 1868.
- August 22, 1868.
- October 10. 1868.
- November. 21. 1868.
- December 5, 1868.
- December 12, 1868.
- December 26, 1868.
- Ch. I Definition:
- Ch. II. International Indebtedness
- Ch. III. Various Classes of Foreign Bills in which
International Indebtedness is ultimately embodied.
- Ch. IV. Fluctuations in the price of foreign
bills.
- Ch. V. Interpretation of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- Ch. VI. Socalled Correctives of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- I)
Wechselrechnung etc.
-
Intermezzo. (Kettenregel, und Prozentrechnung)
- Alligationsrechnung.
-
Procentrechnung.
- Zinsrechnung.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- II)
Aufsuchung des Kapitals.
- III)
Aufsuchung des Zinsfusses.
- IV)
Aufsuchung der Zeit.
- V)
Aufsuchung eines um die Zinsen vermehrten
Kapitals.
- VI)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen oder des Kapitals,
welche in einem, Kapital u. Zinsen darstellenden,
Werth enthalten sind.
- VII)
Aufsuchung eines mittleren Zinsfusses für
mehrere Kapitalien.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- B)
Berechnung Zusammengesezter Zinsen.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
-
Discontrechnung.
-
Terminrechnung. (Reductionsrechnung, Zeitrechnung)
-
Wechselrechnung (cont. von
p. 118)