19 December 1868.
The Money Market Review, 5. Dezember 1868. S. 567/568.
Schließen
Shareholders. Zusatz von
Marx.
Schließen (Frauds of Directors in voluntary „Windings’
up“.[)]
During the last 3 or 4 years shareholders in Railway and other Jt. Stock Cos. robbed and defrauded to extent of many Mill. £. St. In a great number of cases the robberies and frauds unequivocal and indubitable. The fleeced victims have been able to discern, in the light of subsequent events, how the frauds were perpetrated and who were the perpetrators. They have not only known how much they have lost, but also who has got it. They have seen many of the persons by whom |55 they have been defrauded suddenly becoming rich, and madly rushing into all sorts of questionable speculations … The money thus transferred from the unfortunate class of shareholders to the more fortunate class of promoters and directors, has been so transferred in too many instances by fraud and falsehood, by deceit and misrepresentation, and the means by which the fraudulent transfer has been effected are equally well known. But where are the laws that define the crimes and award the punishment? where the prosecutors who should enforce the laws? … With regard to the numerous frauds upon Jt. Stock Co. Shareholders which the events of the last 3 years have brought to light, and which involved many 100ds of delinquents, only some 3 or 4 prosecutions have taken place, and only 3 or 4 of the culprits have been convicted, while of those convicted two were speedily released from further deserved punishment by the Queen’s Pardon. Even her Majesty, who never dreams of pardoning a thief or burglar, or common swindler, is made to seem to sympathise with the sufferings of culprits whose crime is swindling and defrauding 100ds or 1000ds of hapless shareholders.
Individual shareholders standing alone are but individual units – helpless and defenceless, as regards any combination that may be formed against them. Promoters and directors know this; and, knowing it, combine together to take advantage of it – and invariably succeed. The Joint Stock Co. shareholder is essentially a selfish animal. … The number of Cos. now undergoing the process of winding up, under the fostering but fatal care of the Court of Chancery – many of the liquidations being in the hands of the very persons who originated the Cos. and conducted them to ruin – imperatively requires that some means should be devised for protecting the unfortunate shareholders against calls and demands which, in too many instances, are both unreasonable and unlawful. In many cases where Cos. are winding up under compulsory orders, the proceedings are being procrastinated and the costs of winding up increased to an enormous and ruinous extent. In other cases which are being wound up „voluntarily“, … frauds of the most outrageous and unmitigated character are being perpetrated by quondam directors, who are now officiating as liquidators. In one recent case, property of the value of £5,000 has been sold and disposed of by the liquidator for £150. In other cases frauds of a similar or varied kind are being perpetrated, without question or hinderance, simply because individual shareholders feel themselves powerless to act alone, or can only act alone at great cost and risk, and have no means of acting in combination with their fellow sufferers. An organised combination of shareholders for their mutual protection now intended. ⦗Meeting deßwegen, Resolutions etc⦘
The Money Market Review, 19. Dezember 1868. S. 569.
Schließen
The Railway Returns of the Board of Trade.
(Published end 1868)
Umfaßt 18 Jahre.
Double Line. | Single Line. | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
1849 | 5,034 | 998 | 6,032 |
1867 | 7,844 | 6,403 | 14,247 |
Increase in 19 years | 2,810 | 5,405 | 8,215 |
1849 | 1867. | Increase in 19 years. | Average yearly Investment of fresh Capital | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capital paid up | £229,747,797 | £502,262,887 | £272,515,108 | £14,290,000 |
Average Cost p. Mile of Rail in operation: | £.38,088 | 35,113 showing apparent decrease of £2,975 p. mile; not accurate, as the capital paid up at both periods was applied more or less to unproductive works und proportion of single line larger at the close of 19 years’ period. | ||
Traffic Receipts from all sources: | £11,806,498 | £39,479,999 | Incr. of £27,673,501 or Average Increase of £1,456,400 per Annum. | |
Gross Revenue per Mile | £1,957 | £2,770 | Increase of £813 p. mile. Gross Revenue p. mile 411/2% higher in 1867 than in 1849, with a gradual but uniform improvement every year.| |
1852 (Erst von diesem Jahr number of miles run by trains returned by Board of Trade) | 1853 | 1856 | 1867. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average Receipt per train mile | 5s. 2d. | 5s. 5d. | 5s. 111/4d. | 5s. 33/4d. |
Notwithstanding, therefore, the increase of 411/2 pct. in the receipt per mile in the 19 years. years, there was for 16 years rather a decrease in the receipt per train mile. In other words, the diminished receipt per train mile, by contrast with the largely increased receipt per mile, indicates conclusively that more work was done for the money earned; and herein consists another reason for the comparative depression of British railway Property. Railways have run too many trains and have done too much work for the return in money. Worn out with competition, and with unnecessary expenditure upon too frequent and badly filled trains. | ||||
1860 | 1867 | |||
Working Expenses; Average Rate on Receipts | 47% | 50% | ||
Cost of working has undergone no diminution relatively to the traffic receipt but has rather increased. |
The Money Market Review, 19. Dezember 1868. S. 571.
Schließen
Heaton’s Iron and
Steel.
As one of the points of opposition, asserted that the strength of the iron and steel produced may prove inferior to those produced by other processes, such as Bessemer’s. Facts most decisively contradict this. (d.h. the recent experiments.)
Heaton’s process uses the
poorest ores, Bessemer’s only the richest ones. The majority of the
ores in the iron bearing districts are poor – that is, the they contain phosphorus and sulphur in abundance; and neither
puddling nor any mechanical process yet discovered can remove these
deteriorating ingredients. The admission of atmospheric air is powerless
against them; otherwise Bessemer would have been able to extend his
process indefinitely. Chemistry alone supplies the means of neutralising
and removing them. Von Marx übernommen in Manuskript II zum
zweiten Buch des „Kapital“ (MEGA²
II/11. S. 194.32–35).
Schließen The plant needful to carry out Heaton’s process is absolutely
inexpensive. The smallest ironmaster may command it; but only
the greatest ironmasters can command the capital and appliances
requisite for the pneumatic process.
8 Advantages of Heatons
system: It deals with cheapest raw material; it produces steel
direct from pig iron; the plant is inexpensive; the cost of
maintenance of the plant is insignificant; the waste of material in
conversion is almost nil; puddling is
dispensed with; the process of conversion is simple, rapid and,
certain; the results are remarkable for their uniformity. No preceding invention
connected with the manufacture has offered such a combination of
advantages. … Will strongly tend to revolutionise the iron
manufacture.
The Money Market Review, 19. Dezember 1868. S. 571/572.
Schließen
Collieries in U. Kingd. Insurance.
Existirt bis jezt keine Insurance gegen Collieries’ Accidents. Capital in Collieries 100–150 Mill. £. St. mit net income of £30,000,000, besides giving wages to upwards of 300,000 men.
Times 21. Dec. 1866 Mr. Lonsdale Bradley made propositions, as to Insurance. Hat für Jahre diesen Gegenstand verfolgt. Apparent difficulty to discover a sufficient average against loss, so as to ascertain the exact risks of the Assurers. Prosecuting his inquiries during long period, and carefully examining all the conditions that lead to loss of life and property in coal mines, he ascertained that such a recurrence of accidents prevailed as indicated the operation of a law uniform in its action when spread over a long period. Though apparently capricious and irregular, colliery accidents, when examined over a long period, are found subject to averages exactly as vital [as] statistics are; and, assured of this, they certainly ought to be provided against in the same way. Bradley further discovered, that from all causes there are annually not less than 900 accidents involving the loss of life, and that about 1000 colliers are killed every year. With great labour, but within very small limits of error, the costs of accidents from explosions, fires, fall of roofs, inundations, and breaking of machinery, have also been ascertained. In 1865 there were 3,268 collieries in U. Kingd., employing 307,542 miners, who produced 98,150,587 tons of coal, valued at the pit’s mouth, at £24,537,646. Small premium upon either of these large quantities would be sufficient to produce an income to defray the costs of accidents to property, and to support the widows and children of the miners killed until in situation to provide for themselves. … In collieries, the supervision exercised by an Insurance Co. would be an addition to the means of providing against accidents.
The Money Market Review, 19. Dezember 1868. S. 574.
Schließen
Cotton Trade. (Stokes, Mc Haffie, et Co.) (New York)
With every prospect of free receipts at the ports caused by present high prices, and with a visible supply of cotton, only about 71/2 P.Ct. below last year (1867), our prices are 45 P.Ct. above the same date in 1867.
The Money Market Review, 19. Dezember 1868. S. 579.
Schließen
The Currency of Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns in
India.
Notification of Financial Department, Simla, October 28, 1868: In modification of the notification of 23 Nov. 1864, vor und after this new notification, sovereigns and half sovereigns coined at any authorised royal mint in England and Australia of current weight shall be received in all Treasuries of British India and its dependencies in payment of sums due to the Gvt., as equivalent of 10 Rupees and 4 Annas, and 5 Rupees and 2 Annas, respectively. They shall, whenever available at any Gvt. treasury, be paid at the same rates to any persons willing to receive them in payment of claims against the Gvt. The gold pieces stated in Sect. 13 of Act 17 of 1835 will also henceforth be received as above according to the values stated in that Act. Gazette of India, Oct. 31.|
Inhalt:
- January 4, 1868.
- January 11, 1868.
- Railways und State Control.
-
Caledonian Railway.
(Report of Committ. of
Investigation)
- Contract
Corporation (Lim.)
(Chancery in)
- Insurance Cos. Their Getting up and
Winding up (Workingmen
beschissen).
- Silk in 1867. (Annual Circular of Durant et
Co.)
- Agricultural Implements. 1867. (Annual
Circular of Burgess and Key.)
- Railways und State Control.
- January 18, ’68.
- 25. January 1868.
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- Italian Deficits.
-
Midland Railway.
(Börsenmogelei und
Directors.)
-
Caledonian
Railway. (Ersatz des
Verschleisses.)
- Banks and Railway Cos.
- Overend,
Gurney et Co. (lim.) Report of the
Liquidators.
- Capital of Railways in U. Kingd. Board of Trade
Return. (für 1866)
- Lawyers and railways
- Railway Trains (1866)
- Causes of Commercial Depression. (Eingesandt
von
G.
Townend. Mincing Lane.)
- The Stock and Share Markets during 1867.
- 1 February, 1868.
- 8 February 1868.
- 15 February, 1868.
- 22 February 1868.
- 29. February 1868.
- 7. March. 1868.
- March 14, 1868.
- March 21, 1868.
- March 28, 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- 18 April 1868.
- April 25, 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 9, 1868.
- May 16.
1866
1868
.
- 23. May 1868.
- May 30, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 20. 1868.
- June 27. 1868.
- July 11. 1868.
- Alderman
Dakin.
- H. E.
Bird, public Accountant, Estimate of Railway (nach
den official accounts der Directors
(!))
- Labor of Superintendence. Venezuelan Loan.
(„Venezuela: Its Government and its People, and the History of
the Loan of 1864. By E. B. Eastwick, C. B. F.R.S., late
Secretary of legation at the Court of Persia; and
Commissioner for the Venezuelan Loan for 1864.“ (London.
1868.))
- Income Tax. Ireland.
- Australian Gold. Imports in U. Kingd.
for 10 J. end. 1867 (inclusive).
- Alderman
Dakin.
- July 18. 1868.
- July 25. 1868.
- August 1. 1868.
- August 8. 1868.
- 15 August. 1868.
- 22. August. 1868.
- August 29. 1868.
- 5 September. 1868.
- 12. September 1868.
- September 19. 1868.
- 26. September. 1868.
- October 3. 1868.
- October 10, 1868.
- October 17. 1868.
- October 24. 1868.
- October 31. 1868.
- November 7. 1868.
- November 14. 1868.
- November 21. 1868.
- 28 November 1868.
- 5 December 1868.
- 12 December 1868.
- 19 December 1868.
- Nachtrag zu November 14. 1868.
- 26 December 1868.
- January 4, 1868.
- 11 January 1868.
- 25 January. 1868.
- 1 February, 1868.
- February 8, 1868.
- February 15, 1868.
- February 22. 1868.
- 29 February. 1868.
- March 7, 1868.
- March 14. 1868.
- 21 March. 1868.
- 28 March 1868.
- April 4. 1868.
- April 11. 1868.
- April 18. 1868.
- April 25. 1868.
- May 2, 1868.
- May 16, 1868.
- May 23. 1868.
- May 30. 1868.
- June 6. 1868.
- July 4, 1868.
- June 13, 1868.
- June 27, 1868.
- July 11, 1868.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- Sir Morton
Peto and the London,
Chatham, and Dover Co.
- Finance versus Finance. (Lewis. Hauptschwindler)
- From: Annual Report (1868) of the Irish Poor Law
Commissioners.
- Amount of gold, silver, and copper monies coined in
each year 1853–67.
- Contract Price per Cwt. for Bread.
(figures just issued by the Board of Guardians of
Whitechapel).
- July 18. 1868.
- August 1, 1868.
- August 8, 1868.
- August 15, 1868.
- August 22, 1868.
- October 10. 1868.
- November. 21. 1868.
- December 5, 1868.
- December 12, 1868.
- December 26, 1868.
- Ch. I Definition:
- Ch. II. International Indebtedness
- Ch. III. Various Classes of Foreign Bills in which
International Indebtedness is ultimately embodied.
- Ch. IV. Fluctuations in the price of foreign
bills.
- Ch. V. Interpretation of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- Ch. VI. Socalled Correctives of the Foreign
Exchanges.
- I)
Wechselrechnung etc.
-
Intermezzo. (Kettenregel, und Prozentrechnung)
- Alligationsrechnung.
-
Procentrechnung.
- Zinsrechnung.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- II)
Aufsuchung des Kapitals.
- III)
Aufsuchung des Zinsfusses.
- IV)
Aufsuchung der Zeit.
- V)
Aufsuchung eines um die Zinsen vermehrten
Kapitals.
- VI)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen oder des Kapitals,
welche in einem, Kapital u. Zinsen darstellenden,
Werth enthalten sind.
- VII)
Aufsuchung eines mittleren Zinsfusses für
mehrere Kapitalien.
- I)
Aufsuchung der Zinsen eines Kapitals.
- B)
Berechnung Zusammengesezter Zinsen.
- A) Einfache Zinsen.
A) Einfache Zinsen.
-
Discontrechnung.
-
Terminrechnung. (Reductionsrechnung, Zeitrechnung)
-
Wechselrechnung (cont. von
p. 118)