June 15. 1867. N. 1242.
The Economist, 15. Juni 1867. S. 667/668.
Schließen
The National Bank System of the U. States.
Um das für den Krieg nöthige Geld beizubringen, Chase offered to capitalists, and others the inducement of large immediate profits für die National Banks undertakers. Z.B. The profit and loss outline of the case stands at presents present thus for any 5 persons setting up a National Bk. on the basis of subscribing $100,000 (20,000l.) in lawful money. (Assume 5$ = 1£.):
1) 20,000l. deposited with the Comptroller in Un. States Bonds, 6%, in coin, equal at present price of gold to, say, 81/2 in greenbacks, will produce annually 1700£ (nämlich 20 000£ à 81/2%). 2) The Comptroller will issue for this deposit 90% of National Bk. notes, say 18,000l.; against these 18,000£ in Notes the Bank must keep 15% of Legal Tenders, or 2,600£, leaving 15,400l. available for advances at, say, the same rate of 81/2% in paper, producing per annum 1309£. (15,400 à 81/2%) 3) The result is, therefore, to give an immediate gross return of over 15% p. annum, or 3,009l, on the 20,000£ put down.
The private bank, started purely on its own credit and connection, has
gradually to get out and establish a circulation for its notes. Erst
nach mehren Jahren it can command a circulation of such magnitude as to
be of importance in the profits of the business. Die
National Bank launches at once of the whole of the (virtually)
Gvt. Notes received by it from the Comptroller,
and for the simple reason that they possess almost all the qualities of
a legal Tender note. Daher die rasche multiplication
der National Banks, besonders in the more
remote parts of the country. The Sub-Treasuries
were mere offices or vaults for the safe storage of its revenue
collection. Waren in no sense credit institutions. So lange as the
Federal Gvt. had a surplus revenue and no public debt, they answered.
Nicht so, when The Economist: a crisis arrived
Schließen the crisis appeared, and Gvt. became borrower on large scale, and by means of the issue of inconvertible paper. It became, then, apparent, that the Secretary of the Treasury was utterly
destitute of the appropriate Organisation. Kommentar von Marx.
Schließen (Had not at his hands a Bank of
England, is it not?) There was no central and powerful Bank, and the Sub-Treasuries
were warehouses, not places of financial business. Dieß new organisation
has all the faults and dangers, and scarcely one of the advantages and safeguards of
a chief Federal Bank.
In a table (C) below, we give from the official returns collected by each State, an abstract of the condition of the State Banks at the end of 1862, or rather early in January 1863, a year after the suspension of the cash payments, and just before the passing of the first National Bank Act at the end of Feb. 1863. The number of banks in each state was in no case unmanageable; in New York State f.i., it was 308; in Pennsylvania 94; in Illinois 25; and the local supervision was aided by general local knowledge.
In the 3 groups of states included in the table C, there were 1205 banks, but 998 davon in the 11 commercial and leading States, forming the Eastern and Middle Regions of the Union. Their PerCentage of Assets und Liabilities were:
Liabilities. | P.Ct. | Assets. | P.Ct. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Circulation | 11.3 | Cash reserves | 12.1 | ||
Due to other Banks | 10.7 | Gvt. Securities | 17.3 | ||
Deposits | 40.0 | 29.4 | |||
Other liabilities | 4.5 | Due by other Banks. | 12.6 | ||
66.5 | Loans and Discounts | 54.2 | |||
Capital paid. | 33.5 | Other investments | 3.8 | ||
Total: | 100.0 | 100.0 | | |
In the cash reserves, appearing here as equal to 12.1%, of the assets, were included, of course, legal tender notes of the Federal Gvt. In actual specie the Banks in the above category seem to have held about 7% of their assets. The Gvt. securities included State Bonds as well as Federal Bonds. In Cash Reserves and Gvt. Securities, the State Banks held very nearly 29.4% of their total assets. The large items on both sides of the account of sums „Due to“ and „Due by“ other Banks, arise from a practice early adopted in all American returns of distinguishing the balances between one set of banks and another, in order to ascertain in some degree with what exactness the system of exchanges was kept up. On the Liability side, the Circulation was only 11.3%, and the Capital paid up was 33.5%. At the end of 1862, the State Banks had so arrived at a condition of no little strength. We find from table C, that in the 5 Middle States, including New York and Pennsylvania, the Circulation was only 5.7% of the liabilities, against 26% in the more remote and less commercial Eastern States, and 32.5% in the still less populous and less wealthy North Western States. Where the facilities and resources of capital and credit are largest, the quantity of circulation is least. The public have to pay for every Note they retain, and, daher, they retain exactly as many as it is worth paying for, and no more. In table D returns of the 261 State Banks existing at the close of 1861 in the 10 Southern States, just before the Civil War. Diese Figures less trustworthy than in table C., from the more scattered nature of the Banks, and the incipient disorders which, in 1861, prevailed in the South. They give, however, forcible evidence of the greater poverty of the South as compared mit dem North in the comperative largeness of the Circulation and Loans, in the Smallness of the Deposits, Reserves, and Gvt. Securities.
Liabilities | Assets | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A.) Six Eastern States (507 Banks) | B.) Five Middle States (491 banks) | C) Nine Northwestern States. 207 Banks | D) Total 20 States. 1205 Banks. | A. | B. | C. | D. | |||||
$ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | |||||
Circulation. | 65.5 | 26.0 | 31.5 | 5.7 | 19.6 | 32.5 | 116.7 | 13.2 | ||||
Due to other Banks. | 20.5 | 7.1 | 68.4 | 12.4 | 1.3 | … | 90.3 | 10.2 | ||||
Deposits. | 66.7 | 3.0 | 267.7 | 48.6 | 21.2 | 34.1 | 355.7 | 40.2 | ||||
Other Liabilities. | 11.4 | 4.0 | 28.0 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 44.0 | 5.0 | ||||
164.2 | 60.1 | 359.8 | 71.8 | 46.8 | 67.6 | 608.8 | 68.6 | |||||
Capital paid up. | 126.8 | 39.9 | 155.2 | 28.2 | 15.7 | 32.4 | 297.7 | 31.4 | ||||
291.0 | 100.0 | 551.0 | 100.0 | 62.5 | 100.0 | 844.5 | 100.0 | |||||
Assets. | ||||||||||||
$ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | |||||
Cash Reserves | ||||||||||||
Specie | 12.8 | 4.5 | 51.2 | 8.3 | 7.4 | 12.0 | 71.4 | 7.5 | ||||
Cash items | 1.1 | … | 42.0$ | 7.0 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 44.2 | 4.5 | ||||
Other Banks. | ||||||||||||
Balances due | 52.2 25.2 | 10.1 | 46.3 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 14.8 | 81.8 | 9.5 | ||||
Notes in hand | 11.9 | 4.0 | 29.0 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 12.0 | 48.3 | 5.1 | ||||
Stocks | 8.0 | 2.9 | 146.1 | 24.3 | 8.5 | 13.7 | 162.6 | 17.2 | ||||
Loans | 216.3 | 76.0 | 265.8 | 44.2 | 24.5 | 39.2 | 506.6 | 53.0 | ||||
Real Estate | 4.5 | 1.7 | 13.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 19.1 | 2.0 | ||||
Other Investments. | 2.6 | 0.8 | 8.3 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 13.4 | 1.3 | ||||
284.4 | 100.0 | 601.7 | 100.0 | 62.2 | 100.0 | 947.4 | 100 |
A) Six Eastern States: Maine, 69. New Hampshire, 52. Vermont 40; Massachussets 183. Rhode Island 88. Connecticut 75. All: 507.
B) Five Middle States: New York: 308. New Jersey, 52. Pennsylvania, 94. Delaware 5, Maryland 32. Total: 491.
C) Nine North Western States: Illinois, 25; Indiana 37; Ohio 55; Michigan 4; Wisconsin 64; Iowa, 14; Minnesota 7; Kansas 1; Nebraska 1. Total: 207.|
142D) Five Southern States. 147 Banks. |
E) Five South Western 114 Banks. |
F) Total Southern States. 261 Banks. |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liabilities. | ||||||
$ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | |
Circulation | 39.6 | 32.0 | 31.5 | 27.3 | 71.1 | 30.1 |
Due to other Banks. | 4.2 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 10.3 | 8.0 |
Deposits. | 16.5 | 13.0 | 21.5 | 19.0 | 38.0 | 12.0 |
Other Liabilities. | 4.1 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 9.7 | 4.1 |
64.4 | 51.6 | 64.7 | 56.8 | 129.1 | 54.1 | |
Capital paid up | 56.3 | 48.4 | 51.0 | 43.2 | 107.3 | 45.9 |
Total. | 120.7 | 100.0 | 115.7 | 100.0 | 236.4 | 100.0 |
Assets | ||||||
$ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | $ | P.C. | |
Cash Reserves | ||||||
Specie | 8.1 | 6.7 | 21.5 | 18.4 | 29.6 | 12.4 |
Cash Items | 0[.]2 | … | 1.8 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.8 |
Other Banks | ||||||
Balances due | 5.1 | 4.1 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 16.1 | 7.0 |
Notes in hand | 3.8 | 3.2 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 4.0 |
Stocks | 10.0 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 18.0 | 7.2 |
Loans | 79.3 | 65.8 | 61.7 | 52.7 | 141.0 | 60.0 |
Real Estate | 10.6 | 8.4 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 12.8 | 5.0 |
Other Investments | 3.5 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 8.6 | 3.5 |
Total. | 120.6 | 100.0 | 117.3 | 100.0 | 237.9 | 100.0 |
Unter
- D) Five Southern States: Virginia (66) North Carolina (31) South Carolina (20) Georgia (28) Florida (2) Total: 147
- E) 5 South Western States: Alabama (8) Louisiana (6) Tennessee (14) Kentucky (44) Missouri (42). Total: 114.
Inhalt:
- 17 February 1866.
N. 1173. (Fortsetzung)
-
24 February 1866. N. 1174.
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March 3. 1866. N. 1175.
-
10th March, 1866. N. 1176.
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March 17, 1866. N. 1177.
-
24. March 1866. N. 1178.
-
31 March 1866. N. 1179.
-
April 7. 1866. N. 1180.
-
April 14. 1866. N. 1181
-
April 21. 1866. N. 1182.
- April 28, 1866. N. 1183.
-
5 May. 1866. N. 1189.
-
12 May. 1866. N. 1185.
-
May 19, 1866. N. 1186.
-
26 May 1866. N. 1187.
-
June 2. 1866. N. 1188.
-
June 9. 1866. N. 1189.
-
June 16. 1866. N. 1190.
-
23 June. 1866. N. 1191.
- June 30. 1866. N. 1192.
-
Saturday, 7 July 1866. N. 1193.
-
July 14, 1866. N. 1194.
-
July 21. 1866. N. 1195.
-
July 28, 1866. N. 1196.
-
4 August 1866. N. 1197.
- August 11. 1866. N. 1198.
-
August 18, 1866. N. 1199.
-
August 25, 1866. N. 1200.
-
Saturday September 1, 1866.
-
8 September 1866. N. 1202.
-
September 15. 1866. N. 1203.
-
September 22, 1866. N. 1204.
-
September 29. 1866. N. 1205.
-
October 6 1866. N. 1206.
-
October 13. 1866. N. 1207.
-
Saturday. October 20. 1866. N. 1208.
-
October 27. 1866.
-
November 3. 1866. N. 1210.
-
November 10. 1866. N. 1211.
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November 17. 1866. N. 1212.
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24 November 1866. N. 1213
-
1. December 1866. N. 1214.
-
December 8. 1866. N. 1215.
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15 December. 1866. N. 1216.
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22 December. 1866. N. 1217.
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29 December 1866. N. 1218.
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January 5, 1867. N. 1219.
-
January 12, 1867. N. 1220.
-
19 January, 1867. N. 1221.
- January 26, 1867. N. 1222.
-
2 February 1867. N. 1223.
- 9 February, 1867. N. 1224.
-
16 February. 1867. N. 1225.
-
23 February 1867. N. 1226.
-
2 March 1867. N. 1227.
-
9 March, 1867. N. 1228.
-
16 March 1867. N. 1229.
- March 23, 1867. N. 1230.
-
March 30. 1867. N. 1231.
-
April 6. 1867. N. 1232.
-
13 April. 1867. N. 1233.
-
20 April. 1867. N. 1234.
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27 April. 1867. N. 1235.
-
May 4, 1867. N. 1236.
-
March
May
11; 1867. N. 1237.
-
May 18. 1867. N. 1238.
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25 May, 1867. N. 1239.
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June 1. 1867. N. 1240.
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June 8. 1867. N. 1241.
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June 15. 1867. N. 1242.
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22 June 1867. N. 1243.
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June 29. 1867. N. 1244.
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July 6. 1867. N. 1245.
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July 13, 1867. N. 1246
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20 July 1867. N. 1247.
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July 27. 1867. N. 1248.
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3 August 1867. N. 1249.
-
10 August, 1867. N. 1250.
-
17 August, 1867. N. 1251.
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August 24, 1867. N. 1252.
-
31 August. 1867 N. 1253.
-
September 14, 1867. N. 1255.
- 21 Sept. 1867. N. 1256.
-
September 28, 1867. N. 1257.
-
October 5, 1867. N. 1258.
-
October 12, 1867. N. 1259.
- October 19, 1867. N. 1260.
-
October 26, 1867. N. 1261.
-
November 2. 1867. N. 1262.
-
9 November 1867. N. 1263.
-
November 16, 1867. N. 1264.
-
Nov. 23. 1867. N. 1265.
- 30 November, 1867. N. 1266.
- 7 December 1867. N. 1267.
-
December 21, 1867. N. 1269.
- December 28, 1867. N. 1270.
- Saturday. May 19. 1866. N. 311. Panic.
Bank o. E.
- Money Market. (Reserve of B.o.E.)
- The Recent Panic and Bank Act Suspension.
- The Panic and its Remedy.
- What to do with the Act of 1844?
- The Times and the
Panic.
- Investors Losses from „Bear“ Frights.
- The Stock Markets of the Week.
- The Limited Liability Act of 1862.
- Railways. (don’t pay)
- The Reports of the Asiatic Banking Co., and the Bank of Hindostan, China
and Japan (Limited.)
- The Economy of B.o.E. Notes. 1000£ Notes.
- Money Market. (Reserve of B.o.E.)
- May 26, 1866. N. 312.
- The Bank of England and the London Bankers in the
Panic.
-
Lord Clarendon on
the Panic.
- Transfer of Business of the Bank of London to the Consolidated Bk.
- Loss in Investments since beginning of 1866 – May
26.
- The Stock Markets of the Week.
- What is a Five-Twenty Bond? (Neue Art Convertibility for paper
currency)
- The Annual Circular of the American
Commercial Agency. (Vehmgericht)
- Act of 1844 and Bank of England.
- A Pluralist Director.
- The Directors of failed
Cos.
- The Bank of England and the London Bankers in the
Panic.
- June 2, 1866. N. 313.
- John
C.
G.
Hubbard, M.P. On the Bank Act and the
Currency. (Letter to the Times on 14 May.)
- The Theory of Panic etc.
- Board of Trade Returns.
- The Consolidated Bank
(limited)
- American Exchanges and Grain Trade.
- Pressure and securities.
- Variations between Prospectus and Articles. The
Russian Iron Works Co. (lim.)
- America. U. St. (Trade)
- Bearing.
- John
C.
G.
Hubbard, M.P. On the Bank Act and the
Currency. (Letter to the Times on 14 May.)
- July 21, 1866. N. 320.
- 28 July 1866. N. 321.
- August 4. 1866. N. 322.
- 11 August, 1866. N. 323.
- August 18. 1868. N. 324.
- 25 August, 1866. N. 325.
- 1 Sept. 1866. N. 326.
- 8 September 1866. N. 327.
- Sept. 15, 1866. N. 328.
- 22 September, 1866 N. 329.
- 29 September 1866. N. 330.
- October 6, 1866. N. 331.
- 13 October. 1866. N. 332.
- 20 October, 1866. N. 333.
- 27 October 1866. N. 334.
- 10 November. 1866. N. 336.
- 17 November 1866. N. 337.
- 24 November, 1866.
N. 338.
- December 1. 1866. N. 339.
- 8 December 1866.
N. 340.
- December 15, 1866. N. 341.
- 22 December, 1866. N. 342.
- 29 December 1866. N. 343.
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5 January, 1867. N. 344.
-
12 January 1867. N. 345.
-
Proposed Expansive Clause in the Bank Act of
1844.
-
Evidence of John Henry Gurney
and Mr. Robert
Birnbeck
Birkbeck
before Vice-Chancellor Malins.
-
Cotton Market. Past and Present.
-
Thomson
Hankey: (formerly Governor of B.o.E.) „The Principles of Banking, its Utility
and Economy; with Remarks on
the
the Working and Management of the Bank of
England“. Lond.
1867.
-
Proposed Expansive Clause in the Bank Act of
1844.
-
19 January, 1867. N. 346.
-
26 Jan. 1867. N. 347.
-
February 2, 1867. N. 348.
-
9 February, 1867. N. 349.
-
16 February
1866
1867
. N. 350.
-
23 February 1867. N. 351.
-
2 March 1867. N. 352.
-
The Joint Stock Co’s Directory for 1867. London.
Charles Barker et Sons. 8, Birchin-lane.
-
Overends. Report of Liquidators and Report of Defence
Committee.
-
Leeman’s Bill respecting
Dealings in Bank Shares.
-
Limited Liability. High Nominal Shares.
-
London, Chatham and Dover
Railway Co.
(faux frais)
-
Plethora of money.
-
1915
on Overends.
(David Barclay
Chapman)
-
London, Chatham et
Dover
(Zusammensetzung des
Investigation Committee) (Solicitors)
(Scapegoats)
-
The Joint Stock Co’s Directory for 1867. London.
Charles Barker et Sons. 8, Birchin-lane.
-
9 March, 1867. N. 353.
-
March 16, 1867. N. 354.
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23 March. 1867. N. 355.
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30 March 1867. N. 356.
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April 6. 1867. N. 357.
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13 April 1867. N. 358.
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April 20, 1867. N. 359.
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April 27, 1867. N. 360.
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May 4, 1867. N. 361.
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11 May 1867. N. 362.
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25 May. 1867. N. 364.
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June 8, 1867. N. 366.
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15 June. 1867. N. 367.
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22 June 1867. N. 368.
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29 June. 1867. N. 369.
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July 6. 1867. N. 370.
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July 13. 1867. N. 371.
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July 20, 1867. N. 372.
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July 27. 1867. N. 373.
August 3. 1867. N. 374.
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August 10. 1867. N. 375.
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August 17, 1867. N. 376.
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August 31, 1867. N. 378.
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14 September. 1867. N. 380.
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21 September, 1867. N. 381.
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28 September, 1867. N. 382.
-
Gold mines of Victoria. (Kitto: „The
Goldminers of Victoria.“ Lond. ’67)
Expropriation of Individual
Labour. (Property)
-
Public Debt of Russia. Consul
Michell’s
Report.
- Robert Knight: Letter to the
Right.
Right
Honourable Sir Stafford Northcote on
the Present Condition of Bombay. Lond.
1867.
-
Limited Liability Cos formed since
1865.
-
Gold mines of Victoria. (Kitto: „The
Goldminers of Victoria.“ Lond. ’67)
Expropriation of Individual
Labour. (Property)
-
5 October. 1867. N. 383.
-
Money Market Review. 12 Oct. 1867.
- 19 October 1867. N. 385.
-
October
27
26
, 1867. N. 386
-
9 November, 1867. N. 388
-
16 November 1867. N. 389.
- 23 November 1867. N. 390
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7 December 1867. N. 392.
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21 Dec. 1867. N. 394.
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28 December 1867. N. 395.