April 7. 1866. N. 1180.
The Economist, 7. April 1866. S. 405.
Schließen
Corn Duty.
Get rid of the remaining slight corn duty. It interferes with the cheap feeding of cattle, on which the farmers more and more depend every year to pay their rent. Some things can only be done near the market, and fatting cattle is one of them. A long transit makes an animal lean again, and therefore by a natural law an animal should be made fit to eat as close as may be to the place where it is to be eaten. The farmers in the vicinity of great towns have discovered this, and will act on it more and more.
The Economist, 7. April 1866. S. 406–408.
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American Finance.
One of the „original“ American taxes which the commissioners do not propose to abolish – is a stamp on matches. One cent on each bunch. Brachte 1865 250,000l. There was raised in America by internal revenue:
£ | |
---|---|
1863 | 8,000,000 |
1864 | 23,000,000 |
1865 | 42,000,000 |
Und zwar von 150 heads of taxation. The income of the U. St. in the financial year ending 30th June 1865 was 65 Mill. £; but in the quarter ending 30 Sept. 1865 it was 32,000,000£.
The commissioners recommend: 1) to reduce the tax on
distilled spirits from 2 to 1 dollars. 2) recommend a tax of
5 cents per lb on cotton to be „levied and
collected from the manufacturer“, where the cotton is worked up at home,
and from the merchant at the port of export where it is sent away for
use abroad. 3d) income
tax to be levied on incomes über 200l.
a year statt jezt über 120l.
Customs und Excises werden geben mit
den andren taxes 87,000,000l., Expenditure 60 Mill. £, Surplus: 27 Mill. l. St. Schlagen vor
1) to repeal the taxes on many articles of luxury; 2) to repeal a duty on the repairs of engines,
ships, cars, carriages etc. 3) a repeal of a
portion of the tax on clothing. The great Tax Bill |42
imposes an excise duty levied on the manufacturer of 5% on boots, shoes,
gloves, mittens, hats, caps, bonnets, cloth and cotton clothes, and „all
articles of dress not otherwise assessed.“ Siehe Karl Marx: Le capital: „La
fiscalité moderne, dont les impôts sur les objets de première
nécessité - et partant l’enchérissement de ceux-ci, formaient de
prime abord le pivot, renferme donc en soi un germe de
progression automatique. La surcharge des taxes n’en est pas un
incident, mais le principe.“ (MEGA² II/7. S. 673.21–24.)
Schließen
This is taxing the working classes more
certainly than any despot would dare to tax them; and it is interfering with trade more than an „old world“ Gvt
dared to interfere with. In America this tax has yielded more than 2 millions l. St.
The Economist, 7. April 1866. S. 413/414.
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British deer farmers.
The potato blight in Ireland formed the last argument which condemned the Corn Laws; the cattle plague may prove the death-blow of that economical crime so widely perpetrated in this country, the appropriation of useful land to deer forests or game preserves. In every county in England there are dozens, perhaps 100 of game preserves, wherein hares, rabbits and pheasants waste and consume the agricultural products, which naturally and economically would be applied by the farmers in the rearing and fattening domestic animals for meat.
In Scotland, in the Highlands in particular, men no longer wanted as vassals, having been displaced for sheep, the sheep in turn have made way for deer.
Prof. Leone Levi schwatzte at recent meeting of the Society of Arts, on deer forests and Highland agriculture. The management of Highland property vermindre die production of food. Jezt the population of the Highland counties very scanty, only 22 persons per □ mile, obgleich diese districts once full of crofters and small occupiers. A farm is seldom to be met with, and miles and miles may be walked over without coming to a cottage. „The plan of depopulating the Highlands,“ sagt er, „and destroying the crofters has been forced and carried to a point inimical to the best interests of the country.“
The crofters occupied land of which the rental for each holding was little more on the average than 30l. a year, and the plan usually adopted was to turn out the tenants, burn down their cottages (often before their eyes) crowd them into fishing villages on the seashores, and convert all the arable land into pasture, on which sheep in large numbers were fed. Though the climate is unsuitable for wheat, oats and barley could be grown, and with roots and green crops would have largely increased the capacity of the Highlands for sheep breeding. It may be questioned, too, whether some amount of cattle should not have been still bred. The crofters were in the aggregate extensive cattle breeders, though of inferior sorts. Levi sagt: „Under the old system, it is said, the people collected in the glens and valleys between the mountains produced but little corn, and were mainly dependent upon cattle. By the overthrow of the cottier system, the clearing of the glens and the introduction of sheep farms, extensive mountain land, formerly useless, has been made productive etc.“
⦗Depopulation and conversion into mere sheep-walk presented the readiest means of income without outlay. …
From
the depth of a sheep-walk, the lower deep of a deer forest has been a
common change in the Highlands. The sheep are now turned out for the
sake of wild animals, as men were once turned out to make room for
sheep.⦘ „It is estimated (says the Professor)
that there are in Scotland upwards of 2 Millions
acres of forests; ⦗and one can walk from the Earl
of Dalhousie’s estates in Forfarshire to John o’Groats, without ever
leaving forest land.⦘ I might
mention the forests of Alyth, Athol, and Dummie, in Perthshire; of
Balnagowan and Lewis, in Rossshire; of Boyn and Glenavon, in Banffshire;
of Mar |43 and Birsa, in
Aberdeenshire; of The Economist: Gaiak
Schließen Gajak, in Inverness-shire; and of Platers in Forfarshire. ⦗In
many of these the fox, wild cat, the marten, the polecat, the weasel,
and the Alpine hare are common; whilst the rabbit, the squirrel, and the
rat have lately made their way into the country. Immense tracts of
lands, much of which is described in the statistical account of Scotland as having a ‚pasturage in richness and extent of very
superior description‘, are thus shut out from all cultivation and
improvement, and are solely devoted to the sport of a few persons for a
very brief period of the year.⦘ It has been gravely asserted that there
is only a difference in the kind of meat produced. But who will compare
beef or mutton with venison? Who eats venison as food? Beef
is the sustenance of the many; venison is the luxury of the few.“ High
rents are or rather have been obtained for deer forests under the
influence of fashion. Such rent is not wealth – it is not derived from the soil – it is simply the price paid by
some overwealthy individual for the luxury of plunging for a few hours
into the sports of the wilderness. Is not
this what was done by our Norman conquerors? … Allowing that a certain
amount of produce is extracted from the chase in venison and grouse, the
market value of such produce is inconsiderable and altogether
incommensurate with the expenditure incurred for such forests, while the
permanent injury committed on the land, and far more, the withdrawal of
such large portions of land from productive purposes, especially from
sheep and cattle, must be considered as most injurious to the country at
large.
23 February 1867. N. 1226.
The Economist 23. Februar 1867. S. 218.
Schließen
Manufacturing Districts.
Manchester Feb. 21. Stocks are not pressing heavily on the market, as the short time movement keeps them in a reasonable compass.
Iron has moved off slowly. Exporttrade in coals is somewhat active.
Inhalt:
- 17 February 1866.
N. 1173. (Fortsetzung)
-
24 February 1866. N. 1174.
-
March 3. 1866. N. 1175.
-
10th March, 1866. N. 1176.
-
March 17, 1866. N. 1177.
-
24. March 1866. N. 1178.
-
31 March 1866. N. 1179.
-
April 7. 1866. N. 1180.
-
April 14. 1866. N. 1181
-
April 21. 1866. N. 1182.
- April 28, 1866. N. 1183.
-
5 May. 1866. N. 1189.
-
12 May. 1866. N. 1185.
-
May 19, 1866. N. 1186.
-
26 May 1866. N. 1187.
-
June 2. 1866. N. 1188.
-
June 9. 1866. N. 1189.
-
June 16. 1866. N. 1190.
-
23 June. 1866. N. 1191.
- June 30. 1866. N. 1192.
-
Saturday, 7 July 1866. N. 1193.
-
July 14, 1866. N. 1194.
-
July 21. 1866. N. 1195.
-
July 28, 1866. N. 1196.
-
4 August 1866. N. 1197.
- August 11. 1866. N. 1198.
-
August 18, 1866. N. 1199.
-
August 25, 1866. N. 1200.
-
Saturday September 1, 1866.
-
8 September 1866. N. 1202.
-
September 15. 1866. N. 1203.
-
September 22, 1866. N. 1204.
-
September 29. 1866. N. 1205.
-
October 6 1866. N. 1206.
-
October 13. 1866. N. 1207.
-
Saturday. October 20. 1866. N. 1208.
-
October 27. 1866.
-
November 3. 1866. N. 1210.
-
November 10. 1866. N. 1211.
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November 17. 1866. N. 1212.
-
24 November 1866. N. 1213
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1. December 1866. N. 1214.
-
December 8. 1866. N. 1215.
-
15 December. 1866. N. 1216.
-
22 December. 1866. N. 1217.
-
29 December 1866. N. 1218.
-
January 5, 1867. N. 1219.
-
January 12, 1867. N. 1220.
-
19 January, 1867. N. 1221.
- January 26, 1867. N. 1222.
-
2 February 1867. N. 1223.
- 9 February, 1867. N. 1224.
-
16 February. 1867. N. 1225.
-
23 February 1867. N. 1226.
-
2 March 1867. N. 1227.
-
9 March, 1867. N. 1228.
-
16 March 1867. N. 1229.
- March 23, 1867. N. 1230.
-
March 30. 1867. N. 1231.
-
April 6. 1867. N. 1232.
-
13 April. 1867. N. 1233.
-
20 April. 1867. N. 1234.
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27 April. 1867. N. 1235.
-
May 4, 1867. N. 1236.
-
March
May
11; 1867. N. 1237.
-
May 18. 1867. N. 1238.
-
25 May, 1867. N. 1239.
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June 1. 1867. N. 1240.
-
June 8. 1867. N. 1241.
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June 15. 1867. N. 1242.
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22 June 1867. N. 1243.
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June 29. 1867. N. 1244.
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July 6. 1867. N. 1245.
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July 13, 1867. N. 1246
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20 July 1867. N. 1247.
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July 27. 1867. N. 1248.
-
3 August 1867. N. 1249.
-
10 August, 1867. N. 1250.
-
17 August, 1867. N. 1251.
-
August 24, 1867. N. 1252.
-
31 August. 1867 N. 1253.
-
September 14, 1867. N. 1255.
- 21 Sept. 1867. N. 1256.
-
September 28, 1867. N. 1257.
-
October 5, 1867. N. 1258.
-
October 12, 1867. N. 1259.
- October 19, 1867. N. 1260.
-
October 26, 1867. N. 1261.
-
November 2. 1867. N. 1262.
-
9 November 1867. N. 1263.
-
November 16, 1867. N. 1264.
-
Nov. 23. 1867. N. 1265.
- 30 November, 1867. N. 1266.
- 7 December 1867. N. 1267.
-
December 21, 1867. N. 1269.
- December 28, 1867. N. 1270.
- Saturday. May 19. 1866. N. 311. Panic.
Bank o. E.
- Money Market. (Reserve of B.o.E.)
- The Recent Panic and Bank Act Suspension.
- The Panic and its Remedy.
- What to do with the Act of 1844?
- The Times and the
Panic.
- Investors Losses from „Bear“ Frights.
- The Stock Markets of the Week.
- The Limited Liability Act of 1862.
- Railways. (don’t pay)
- The Reports of the Asiatic Banking Co., and the Bank of Hindostan, China
and Japan (Limited.)
- The Economy of B.o.E. Notes. 1000£ Notes.
- Money Market. (Reserve of B.o.E.)
- May 26, 1866. N. 312.
- The Bank of England and the London Bankers in the
Panic.
-
Lord Clarendon on
the Panic.
- Transfer of Business of the Bank of London to the Consolidated Bk.
- Loss in Investments since beginning of 1866 – May
26.
- The Stock Markets of the Week.
- What is a Five-Twenty Bond? (Neue Art Convertibility for paper
currency)
- The Annual Circular of the American
Commercial Agency. (Vehmgericht)
- Act of 1844 and Bank of England.
- A Pluralist Director.
- The Directors of failed
Cos.
- The Bank of England and the London Bankers in the
Panic.
- June 2, 1866. N. 313.
- John
C.
G.
Hubbard, M.P. On the Bank Act and the
Currency. (Letter to the Times on 14 May.)
- The Theory of Panic etc.
- Board of Trade Returns.
- The Consolidated Bank
(limited)
- American Exchanges and Grain Trade.
- Pressure and securities.
- Variations between Prospectus and Articles. The
Russian Iron Works Co. (lim.)
- America. U. St. (Trade)
- Bearing.
- John
C.
G.
Hubbard, M.P. On the Bank Act and the
Currency. (Letter to the Times on 14 May.)
- July 21, 1866. N. 320.
- 28 July 1866. N. 321.
- August 4. 1866. N. 322.
- 11 August, 1866. N. 323.
- August 18. 1868. N. 324.
- 25 August, 1866. N. 325.
- 1 Sept. 1866. N. 326.
- 8 September 1866. N. 327.
- Sept. 15, 1866. N. 328.
- 22 September, 1866 N. 329.
- 29 September 1866. N. 330.
- October 6, 1866. N. 331.
- 13 October. 1866. N. 332.
- 20 October, 1866. N. 333.
- 27 October 1866. N. 334.
- 10 November. 1866. N. 336.
- 17 November 1866. N. 337.
- 24 November, 1866.
N. 338.
- December 1. 1866. N. 339.
- 8 December 1866.
N. 340.
- December 15, 1866. N. 341.
- 22 December, 1866. N. 342.
- 29 December 1866. N. 343.
-
5 January, 1867. N. 344.
-
12 January 1867. N. 345.
-
Proposed Expansive Clause in the Bank Act of
1844.
-
Evidence of John Henry Gurney
and Mr. Robert
Birnbeck
Birkbeck
before Vice-Chancellor Malins.
-
Cotton Market. Past and Present.
-
Thomson
Hankey: (formerly Governor of B.o.E.) „The Principles of Banking, its Utility
and Economy; with Remarks on
the
the Working and Management of the Bank of
England“. Lond.
1867.
-
Proposed Expansive Clause in the Bank Act of
1844.
-
19 January, 1867. N. 346.
-
26 Jan. 1867. N. 347.
-
February 2, 1867. N. 348.
-
9 February, 1867. N. 349.
-
16 February
1866
1867
. N. 350.
-
23 February 1867. N. 351.
-
2 March 1867. N. 352.
-
The Joint Stock Co’s Directory for 1867. London.
Charles Barker et Sons. 8, Birchin-lane.
-
Overends. Report of Liquidators and Report of Defence
Committee.
-
Leeman’s Bill respecting
Dealings in Bank Shares.
-
Limited Liability. High Nominal Shares.
-
London, Chatham and Dover
Railway Co.
(faux frais)
-
Plethora of money.
-
1915
on Overends.
(David Barclay
Chapman)
-
London, Chatham et
Dover
(Zusammensetzung des
Investigation Committee) (Solicitors)
(Scapegoats)
-
The Joint Stock Co’s Directory for 1867. London.
Charles Barker et Sons. 8, Birchin-lane.
-
9 March, 1867. N. 353.
-
March 16, 1867. N. 354.
-
23 March. 1867. N. 355.
-
30 March 1867. N. 356.
-
April 6. 1867. N. 357.
-
13 April 1867. N. 358.
-
April 20, 1867. N. 359.
-
April 27, 1867. N. 360.
-
May 4, 1867. N. 361.
-
11 May 1867. N. 362.
-
25 May. 1867. N. 364.
-
June 8, 1867. N. 366.
-
15 June. 1867. N. 367.
-
22 June 1867. N. 368.
-
29 June. 1867. N. 369.
-
July 6. 1867. N. 370.
-
July 13. 1867. N. 371.
-
July 20, 1867. N. 372.
-
July 27. 1867. N. 373.
August 3. 1867. N. 374.
-
August 10. 1867. N. 375.
-
August 17, 1867. N. 376.
-
August 31, 1867. N. 378.
-
14 September. 1867. N. 380.
-
21 September, 1867. N. 381.
-
28 September, 1867. N. 382.
-
Gold mines of Victoria. (Kitto: „The
Goldminers of Victoria.“ Lond. ’67)
Expropriation of Individual
Labour. (Property)
-
Public Debt of Russia. Consul
Michell’s
Report.
- Robert Knight: Letter to the
Right.
Right
Honourable Sir Stafford Northcote on
the Present Condition of Bombay. Lond.
1867.
-
Limited Liability Cos formed since
1865.
-
Gold mines of Victoria. (Kitto: „The
Goldminers of Victoria.“ Lond. ’67)
Expropriation of Individual
Labour. (Property)
-
5 October. 1867. N. 383.
-
Money Market Review. 12 Oct. 1867.
- 19 October 1867. N. 385.
-
October
27
26
, 1867. N. 386
-
9 November, 1867. N. 388
-
16 November 1867. N. 389.
- 23 November 1867. N. 390
-
7 December 1867. N. 392.
-
21 Dec. 1867. N. 394.
-
28 December 1867. N. 395.