November 3. 1866. N. 1210.
The Economist 3. November 1866. S. 1279–1281.
Schließen
The „Law“ of Demand and Supply.
(Mit Bezug und für Thorntons Article in der Fortnightly Review): Price may be determined, i.e. may settle for a time at a given point, while demand and supply are not equal, and have no tendency to become so.
It may be shown that the cases in which Mr. Mill’s doctrine would hold good, are such as rarely or never occur in real life; while Mr. Thornton’s examples, purely hypothetical as they are, appear to us to represent pretty accurately the conditions of an ordinary market, and to be, as he maintains, fairly „typical of commercial transactions in general“.
Das s.g.
Mill’s law
Kommentar von Marx.
Schließen (als wenn dieser Esel diese platitude erfunden hätte) lautet verbatim:
„Demand and supply, the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied will be made equal. If unequal at any moment, competition equalises them, and the manner in which this is done is by an adjustment of the value. If the demand increases, the value rises; if the demand diminishes, the value falls; again if the supply falls off, the value rises; and falls if the supply is increased. The rise or the fall continues until the demand and supply are again equal to one another: and the value which a commodity will bring in any market, is no other than the value which, in the market, gives a demand just sufficient to carry off the existing or expected supply.“ (Mill. Pol. Econ. vol. 1 p. 541–2. 5th Edit.)
F.e. Mill says: „if the demand increases the value rises“, but the necessity for this entirely depends on the new demand being of such a kind that it will advance on the current price, whatever that price may be: short of this the demand might increase without producing the slightest tendency to a rise of value. And so of the other factor of the problem. „If the demand diminishes, the value falls“, which requires for its truth the analogous supposition with regard to the holders of the commodity, viz. that they are prepared to sell at any sacrifice rather than withdraw their goods from market. Where both these conditions are fulfilled, where demand and supply are both without reserve, where purchasers, numerous enough to absorb the existing supply, and sellers are each determined at any cost the one to obtain, the other to dispose of, goods will doubtless sell or tend to sell in conformity mit Mill’s law. Let us endeavour to present to ourselves the state of mind in which buyers and sellers enter an ordinary wholesale market – we say wholesale market, as it is there that competition comes most freely into play. The great majority of dealers have probably already formed some notion, more or less precise, of the price at which the commodity – the subject of the bargaining – ought to sell. This they take as their guide in their subsequent operations, allowing themselves however, to be drawn from it in one direction or the other by what they find in the market. If the purchaser finds the demand greater than he expected, he will be prepared to advance a little upon his ideal standard; while the holder of the commodity, in the opposite condition of the case, will on his side be prepared to make some concession in a decline of price. In general … these limits within which either will feel inclined to move in a direction opposed to his interest as buyer or seller will not be very great, though cases will occasionally happen when the market will reveal conditions of which both were before in ignorance, and may induce either to deviate widely from his original judgment. As a general rule, however, the data on which all, whether purchasers or sellers, form their opinion as to a legitimate price – the price, we mean, at which in the actual state of the market it is considered safe to trade – are pretty nearly the same. These data are what they know of the state of consumptive demand on the one hand and the supplies coming forward or expected to come forward on the other. … The object of their dealing is in general the same – to obtain the current profit on their transactions. Instead of the indefinite elasticity of demand on the one side, and the equally indefinite urgency to sell on the other, which Mill’s theory assumes, we should have sellers and purchasers conducting their operations within very definite limits – limits which for the great majority on either side would not lie very widely apart.|
106Mr. Thornton not
„merely points out some inaccuracies in the ordinary statement of the
law“, but, as it seems to us, proves that Von Marx
zitiert im Brief an Engels vom 14. November 1868.
Schließen no „law“ of demand and supply, in any
sense which has yet been assigned to these words, exists; that
neither in fact, nor in tendency, do market
prices conform to the rule which is commonly supposed
to govern them.
… What a theory of market prices ought to give us is a statement of the
conditions which determine them. … All the phenomena
of value which are not of a strictly temporary value are
referred by the existing doctrines of political economy, not to
demand and supply, but to the principle of cost, that principle no doubt
acting through demand and supply. … the modes and conditions under which
demand and supply affect prices (marketprices) are so numerous and
complicated that they do not admit being brought into a precise formula,
but can only be set forth in a number of distinct propositions more or
less connected.
Demand for labour is a demand without reserve,
since it is the means by which the desire for
profit, – an insatiable desire – seeks
to satisfy itself. Zusatz von
Marx.
Schließen Dieß sagt er dagegen
daß nach Thornton labour „forms a notable exception to the rule,
that commodities are almost never offered unreservedly for sale“.
September 28, 1867. N. 1257.
The Economist, 28. September 1867. S. 1097.
Schließen
Further Failures of the National Banks
in New York State.
2, mit paid up Capital of about 100,000l., Liability to depositors and customers about 450,000l. more. Farmers’ National Bank, of Brooklyn (New York) und the First National Bank, of Kingston (New York.)
„The Farmers’ Bank of Brooklyn“, organised 1852, State Bank; with a nominal capital of $500,000, the capital stock being divided into 25,000 shares of $20 each. High place, under prudent management, in the public confidence; large profits; its dividends, paid semi-annually, about 8% of the capital stock. Its shares quoted 118 to 120, and were practically out of the market. It sustained the storm of 1857, when the Banks were tumbling by 100nds, and was thenceforward looked upon as perfectly sound. In 1865 transformed into Ntl. Bank. A settlement was made, its assets were divided, converted into the „Farmers’ Nl. Bank[“], with a capital stock of $300,000, represented by 15,000 shares at $20 each. The shares appropriated by the stockholder of the old State Bank. Its affairs proceeded without interruption, its stocks being quoted in Wallstreet at 108 to 110. A Branch Bk. at Green Point, a suburb of Brooklyn, was established. People were induced to make the Brooklyn Bk. a sort of Savings’ Bank, and two Savings’ Banks – the Germania and the Dime [–] deposited large sums in its vaults. Nach official statement on 1st July 1867 its deposits: $1,156,135. These deposits made by the Savings Banks aforesaid, small tradesmen, farmers and market gardeners living in Long Island, by speculators, manufacturers, private gentlemen, and mechanics – the largest deposit by one individual probably not exceeding $15,000. The President of the Bank and others connected with its management used these individual deposits for the purpose of speculation.|
166The nature of these speculations shown by list of the offices filled by the President, who was treasurer of the Tionesta and Sugar Greek Oil Comp., treasurer of the Beaurehoff Run Oil Co., treasurer of the Challenge Gold and Silver Mining Co., director of the Trust River Navigation Co., president of a Company of Divers and Wreckers, and director of a Co. for making „whisky“ by a cheap „patent“ process. Upon all these bubble cos., the manager of the Bk. wasted the funds of depositors, and the capital of the Bank. They squandered so much that on 1st July 1867 they were unable to show to the Gvt. Inspector the Currency Reserve (of 15% of deposits and circulation) required by law to be kept in hand by every Nl. Bank. They were duly warned by the Gvt. Officer. The prescribed 30 days granted to Nl. bankers as a time for complying with the requirements of law expired, and, the Currency reserve not being shown, the Comptroller of the Currency appointed a receiver, who entered upon his duty on Saturday. The liabilities of the Bank were: (on 1st July 1867): $1,851,307, but since that time, the amount has been swollen by speculation to at least 2 Mill. $. The available assets: Real estate, valued at $26,000; cheques on solvent Banks, $49,524; U. St. Bonds, deposited as a basis of circulation $285,500; U. States Bonds, on hand, $3,300; bonds and mortgages $1,900; city certificates $800; cash on hand in Circulating Notes of other Banks, about $27,000; legal tender notes, compound interest notes, fractional currency, specie, and cash in an Albany Bank, to redeem the outstanding Circulation of the Old State Bank, about $100,000; or in all, something less than $500,000. Other assets mentioned, but not available or at least doubtful; probably 1/2 mill. $ is a liberal estimate of the assets; 25% on the Liabilities. This is equivalent to the ruin of 100nds of small tradesmen, poor depositors, farmers etc[.] The effect of the failure was seen in the mob that besieged the doors of the Bk. on Saturday – a weeping, cursing, howling, distracted mob of old men and young men, old women and young women, Yankees, Germans, Irishmen – representatives of the Cosmopolitan population of an American seaport city. The creditors of the Germania and Williamsburgh City Dime Savings’ Bank – whose failure probably involved in that of the „Farmers’ Bk.[“] – surrounded the latter’s doors with frantic demands for their „money“, the Directors of the Savings’ Bk. being unable to afford them any relief. It is unnecessary to dwell on these scenes – being the inevitable concomitants of all Bank failures in all lands.
The Kingston Nl. Bank failed durch speculations on the part of its officers. It was organised under the National System, capital $200,000. The cashier has sunk his own private capital of $130,000, and $70,000 to $80,000 of the money of the Bank; i.e. money of depositors, and the President has withdrawn not less than $90,000 from the Bk. of deposits or currency. The Federal Gvt. is responsible only for the Circulation Notes of the Collapsed Banks, welche secured sind by Federal bonds deposited in Washington. Aber die depositors must look to the humbug mining and stock Cos. for their money. Result: widespread ruin among small traders (shopkeepers) etc and farmers.
The Comptroller of the Currency has made „a black list“, in which appears the names of all Nl. Bks. suspected of unsoundness. It is not exposed to public inspection. Not less than 7 Nl. Bks. – 2 of them New York banks – are in this list described as „shaky“, as most fit to be watched.|
The Economist, 28. September 1867. S. 1099/1100.
Schließen
Mulholland’s
(Irish man of Business) Remarks On the Currency at the Belfast
Social Congress.
Any person who contracts a debt comes under an obligation to pay money. … A bill or note may have the effect of postponing the payment of the debtor, while, at the same time, enabling the creditor to anticipate the effect of payment. But the creditor can only realise in the present by the possession of a bill or note the effect of a future payment, by finding some one who has loanable capital at command. When trade is in a natural condition, the supply of this floating uninvested capital is usually equal to the demand, and the interest for loans at its normal state. Aber when a period of speculation and excitement, with inflated prices, had led to a general extension of transactions, there is, necessarily, an increase in the amount of indebtedness. When this indebtedness has to be liquidated, it is found that there has been no corresponding increase in the supply of unemployed capital. In fact, the supply in such cases is generally smaller; for many who formerly preferred the small but sure return from interests to the risk of speculation may have been induced by the contagion of such excitement, and the example of large gains, to withdraw their capital from its accustomed employment, and to embark it in the ventures of the day. The demands for loans having increased, and the supply to meet it diminished, advance nothwendig in the rates of interest demanded by holders and offered by borrowers? Such an advance in the rate of interest is simply an indication that enterprise and speculation have exceeded the limits beyond which they cannot pass with safety. … At last the amount of debt so far exceeds the amount of available loanable capital that a money crisis or panic ensues.
Where trade is „International“ as well as domestic „money[“] must have a real, an intrinsic, an international value. It must not only be the measure of the value of other commodities, and the medium of their payment, but absolutely their equivalent. Gold and Silver alone combine all the necessary conditions.
In the Diese Geldklemme bemerkte Marx im
Manuskript zum dritten Buch des „Kapital“ (MEGA² II/4.2.
S. 205.30).
Schließen autumn of 1864 we had the first symptoms of the financial pressure that continued
with but slight intermissions until its culmination on the 11. May,
1866.
The high rates given for deposits have proved so attractive, that the amount deposited at call, or short notice, in the London Joint Stock Banks alone, now amounts to about 100 millions. Für diese immense liability they keep a small reserve of money in the B. o. England. Diese Bank proceeds to do with them what the bankers who lodged them felt could not be done with safety – it uses them for the discount of mercantile paper, or it includes them with its own reserve. Now, the same money cannot be a reserve for the joint stock Banks and a reserve for the B.o.E. also. It is, in fact, no reserve for the Bk. of England at all, and it ought not to appear as such in their weekly statements, but be noted as „cash held on account of bankers“. In May, 1866, the total reserve shown in those statements seemed at first sight not to be unsatisfactory, but it was in reality less than the balance held on account of other bankers, so that at that time the B.o.E. had no reserve of its own whatever.
We see in the recent history and present position of the commerce of the
U. St. a striking example of the effects of an inconvertible currency.
Deprived of the healthy check of convertibility, it was certain to
become redundant. There had been in that country all the symptoms of a
fictitious prosperity – the feeling of an universal increase of wealth.
This apparent increase in the value of |168 all property from
the inflation of prices was so deceptive, that it misled a leading
statesman so far as to make him declare publicly that the war had not
only enriched the nation, but added to the wealth of every individual in
it. … An artificial level of prices stimulated importations, but it
destroyed their export trade, and a heavy balance, due to foreign
countries, accumulated against them. To pay this, the money by which
they had measured values Kommentar von Marx.
Schließen (Nonsense!) was found useless, and fell to a heavy discount. A complete
collapse must have occurred before this time had not their Government bonds been received in Europe instead
of gold.
The Economist, 28. September 1867. S. 1101/1102.
Schließen
Correspondent. Paris. 26 Sept. 1867.
Pereires.
Abtritt der Pereire vom Credit Mobilier. Vermögen von 4 to 6 Mill. £ St. gemacht. »In success the Pereires were worshipped.« Jezt fällt alles über sie her. Sie haben railways in Frankreich established, a service of no small magnitude, considering the lack of enterprise in this revolution-tossed country. They have, too, had no inconsiderable part in promoting the remarkable extension of material prosperity in France after the Coup d’état.
The Economist, 28. September 1867. S. 1103.
Schließen
Mortality in England in 1865.
490,909 persons died (1865) in England. Davon 199,843 oder 40%, under 5 years of age. 70 in a 1000 of children under 5 years died in the course of the year. The deaths between 5 and 10 years only 19,733, less than 1/10 of the deaths of the first 5 years, and about 1/8 in 1000 living. The third quinquennial period, 10 to 15, is the least mortal of all our lifetime; 10,420, less than 5 in 1000 of the living boys and girls of that age. In an equal number of children under 5 and of children between 10 and 15, 14 of the former die when only 1 of the latter [dies]. From the age of 15 upwards the ratio of mortality never ceases to increase. Von 15 to 20 were 13,484; von 20–65, the working time of life, 155,051, the ratio increasing from less than 1/8 per thousand of that age living in the first decennial to more than 32 in the last. After 65, the ratio increases very rapidly.
Inhalt:
- 17 February 1866.
N. 1173. (Fortsetzung)
-
24 February 1866. N. 1174.
-
March 3. 1866. N. 1175.
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10th March, 1866. N. 1176.
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March 17, 1866. N. 1177.
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24. March 1866. N. 1178.
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31 March 1866. N. 1179.
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April 7. 1866. N. 1180.
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April 14. 1866. N. 1181
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April 21. 1866. N. 1182.
- April 28, 1866. N. 1183.
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5 May. 1866. N. 1189.
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12 May. 1866. N. 1185.
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May 19, 1866. N. 1186.
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26 May 1866. N. 1187.
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June 2. 1866. N. 1188.
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June 9. 1866. N. 1189.
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June 16. 1866. N. 1190.
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23 June. 1866. N. 1191.
- June 30. 1866. N. 1192.
-
Saturday, 7 July 1866. N. 1193.
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July 14, 1866. N. 1194.
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July 21. 1866. N. 1195.
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July 28, 1866. N. 1196.
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4 August 1866. N. 1197.
- August 11. 1866. N. 1198.
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August 18, 1866. N. 1199.
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August 25, 1866. N. 1200.
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Saturday September 1, 1866.
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8 September 1866. N. 1202.
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September 15. 1866. N. 1203.
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September 22, 1866. N. 1204.
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September 29. 1866. N. 1205.
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October 6 1866. N. 1206.
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October 13. 1866. N. 1207.
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Saturday. October 20. 1866. N. 1208.
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October 27. 1866.
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November 3. 1866. N. 1210.
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November 10. 1866. N. 1211.
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November 17. 1866. N. 1212.
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24 November 1866. N. 1213
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1. December 1866. N. 1214.
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December 8. 1866. N. 1215.
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15 December. 1866. N. 1216.
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22 December. 1866. N. 1217.
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29 December 1866. N. 1218.
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January 5, 1867. N. 1219.
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January 12, 1867. N. 1220.
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19 January, 1867. N. 1221.
- January 26, 1867. N. 1222.
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2 February 1867. N. 1223.
- 9 February, 1867. N. 1224.
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16 February. 1867. N. 1225.
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23 February 1867. N. 1226.
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2 March 1867. N. 1227.
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9 March, 1867. N. 1228.
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16 March 1867. N. 1229.
- March 23, 1867. N. 1230.
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March 30. 1867. N. 1231.
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April 6. 1867. N. 1232.
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13 April. 1867. N. 1233.
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20 April. 1867. N. 1234.
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27 April. 1867. N. 1235.
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May 4, 1867. N. 1236.
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March
May
11; 1867. N. 1237.
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May 18. 1867. N. 1238.
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25 May, 1867. N. 1239.
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June 1. 1867. N. 1240.
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June 8. 1867. N. 1241.
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June 15. 1867. N. 1242.
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22 June 1867. N. 1243.
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June 29. 1867. N. 1244.
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July 6. 1867. N. 1245.
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July 13, 1867. N. 1246
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20 July 1867. N. 1247.
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July 27. 1867. N. 1248.
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3 August 1867. N. 1249.
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10 August, 1867. N. 1250.
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17 August, 1867. N. 1251.
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August 24, 1867. N. 1252.
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31 August. 1867 N. 1253.
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September 14, 1867. N. 1255.
- 21 Sept. 1867. N. 1256.
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September 28, 1867. N. 1257.
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October 5, 1867. N. 1258.
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October 12, 1867. N. 1259.
- October 19, 1867. N. 1260.
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October 26, 1867. N. 1261.
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November 2. 1867. N. 1262.
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9 November 1867. N. 1263.
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November 16, 1867. N. 1264.
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Nov. 23. 1867. N. 1265.
- 30 November, 1867. N. 1266.
- 7 December 1867. N. 1267.
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December 21, 1867. N. 1269.
- December 28, 1867. N. 1270.
- Saturday. May 19. 1866. N. 311. Panic.
Bank o. E.
- Money Market. (Reserve of B.o.E.)
- The Recent Panic and Bank Act Suspension.
- The Panic and its Remedy.
- What to do with the Act of 1844?
- The Times and the
Panic.
- Investors Losses from „Bear“ Frights.
- The Stock Markets of the Week.
- The Limited Liability Act of 1862.
- Railways. (don’t pay)
- The Reports of the Asiatic Banking Co., and the Bank of Hindostan, China
and Japan (Limited.)
- The Economy of B.o.E. Notes. 1000£ Notes.
- Money Market. (Reserve of B.o.E.)
- May 26, 1866. N. 312.
- The Bank of England and the London Bankers in the
Panic.
-
Lord Clarendon on
the Panic.
- Transfer of Business of the Bank of London to the Consolidated Bk.
- Loss in Investments since beginning of 1866 – May
26.
- The Stock Markets of the Week.
- What is a Five-Twenty Bond? (Neue Art Convertibility for paper
currency)
- The Annual Circular of the American
Commercial Agency. (Vehmgericht)
- Act of 1844 and Bank of England.
- A Pluralist Director.
- The Directors of failed
Cos.
- The Bank of England and the London Bankers in the
Panic.
- June 2, 1866. N. 313.
- John
C.
G.
Hubbard, M.P. On the Bank Act and the
Currency. (Letter to the Times on 14 May.)
- The Theory of Panic etc.
- Board of Trade Returns.
- The Consolidated Bank
(limited)
- American Exchanges and Grain Trade.
- Pressure and securities.
- Variations between Prospectus and Articles. The
Russian Iron Works Co. (lim.)
- America. U. St. (Trade)
- Bearing.
- John
C.
G.
Hubbard, M.P. On the Bank Act and the
Currency. (Letter to the Times on 14 May.)
- July 21, 1866. N. 320.
- 28 July 1866. N. 321.
- August 4. 1866. N. 322.
- 11 August, 1866. N. 323.
- August 18. 1868. N. 324.
- 25 August, 1866. N. 325.
- 1 Sept. 1866. N. 326.
- 8 September 1866. N. 327.
- Sept. 15, 1866. N. 328.
- 22 September, 1866 N. 329.
- 29 September 1866. N. 330.
- October 6, 1866. N. 331.
- 13 October. 1866. N. 332.
- 20 October, 1866. N. 333.
- 27 October 1866. N. 334.
- 10 November. 1866. N. 336.
- 17 November 1866. N. 337.
- 24 November, 1866.
N. 338.
- December 1. 1866. N. 339.
- 8 December 1866.
N. 340.
- December 15, 1866. N. 341.
- 22 December, 1866. N. 342.
- 29 December 1866. N. 343.
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5 January, 1867. N. 344.
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12 January 1867. N. 345.
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Proposed Expansive Clause in the Bank Act of
1844.
-
Evidence of John Henry Gurney
and Mr. Robert
Birnbeck
Birkbeck
before Vice-Chancellor Malins.
-
Cotton Market. Past and Present.
-
Thomson
Hankey: (formerly Governor of B.o.E.) „The Principles of Banking, its Utility
and Economy; with Remarks on
the
the Working and Management of the Bank of
England“. Lond.
1867.
-
Proposed Expansive Clause in the Bank Act of
1844.
-
19 January, 1867. N. 346.
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26 Jan. 1867. N. 347.
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February 2, 1867. N. 348.
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9 February, 1867. N. 349.
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16 February
1866
1867
. N. 350.
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23 February 1867. N. 351.
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2 March 1867. N. 352.
-
The Joint Stock Co’s Directory for 1867. London.
Charles Barker et Sons. 8, Birchin-lane.
-
Overends. Report of Liquidators and Report of Defence
Committee.
-
Leeman’s Bill respecting
Dealings in Bank Shares.
-
Limited Liability. High Nominal Shares.
-
London, Chatham and Dover
Railway Co.
(faux frais)
-
Plethora of money.
-
1915
on Overends.
(David Barclay
Chapman)
-
London, Chatham et
Dover
(Zusammensetzung des
Investigation Committee) (Solicitors)
(Scapegoats)
-
The Joint Stock Co’s Directory for 1867. London.
Charles Barker et Sons. 8, Birchin-lane.
-
9 March, 1867. N. 353.
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March 16, 1867. N. 354.
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23 March. 1867. N. 355.
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30 March 1867. N. 356.
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April 6. 1867. N. 357.
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13 April 1867. N. 358.
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April 20, 1867. N. 359.
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April 27, 1867. N. 360.
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May 4, 1867. N. 361.
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11 May 1867. N. 362.
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25 May. 1867. N. 364.
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June 8, 1867. N. 366.
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15 June. 1867. N. 367.
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22 June 1867. N. 368.
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29 June. 1867. N. 369.
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July 6. 1867. N. 370.
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July 13. 1867. N. 371.
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July 20, 1867. N. 372.
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July 27. 1867. N. 373.
August 3. 1867. N. 374.
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August 10. 1867. N. 375.
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August 17, 1867. N. 376.
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August 31, 1867. N. 378.
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14 September. 1867. N. 380.
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21 September, 1867. N. 381.
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28 September, 1867. N. 382.
-
Gold mines of Victoria. (Kitto: „The
Goldminers of Victoria.“ Lond. ’67)
Expropriation of Individual
Labour. (Property)
-
Public Debt of Russia. Consul
Michell’s
Report.
- Robert Knight: Letter to the
Right.
Right
Honourable Sir Stafford Northcote on
the Present Condition of Bombay. Lond.
1867.
-
Limited Liability Cos formed since
1865.
-
Gold mines of Victoria. (Kitto: „The
Goldminers of Victoria.“ Lond. ’67)
Expropriation of Individual
Labour. (Property)
-
5 October. 1867. N. 383.
-
Money Market Review. 12 Oct. 1867.
- 19 October 1867. N. 385.
-
October
27
26
, 1867. N. 386
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9 November, 1867. N. 388
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16 November 1867. N. 389.
- 23 November 1867. N. 390
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7 December 1867. N. 392.
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21 Dec. 1867. N. 394.
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28 December 1867. N. 395.