Aus:
The Economist, 28. Juli 1866. S. 879–881.
Schließen

Irish Railways.

Aus:
The Economist, 28. Juli 1866. S. 883.
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Deer versus sheep. (Communicated)

As some indication of the proportion borne by the expenditure on deer forests when compared with other forms of unproductive expenditure, it may be stated that many years ago the disbursements of the English subjects, travelling or residing on the Continent, almost wholly unproductive, was valued at 12 millions p. annum. It is now far greater.

Aus:
The Economist, 28. Juli 1866. S. 883/884.
Schließen

Cattle feeding.

Long is England treated as an axiom that feeding cattle were merely manure making machines, and expensive machines too. The profit was looked to from the corn crops, whose increase formed the purpose of all the elaborate processes of stock feeding. The beasts had as much cake or corn as they would eat for long periods of time, besides large quantities of hay or root. Hence Loss, charged to the manure. The Scotch farmers long in advance of the English farmers in this respect, that by the consumption of their turnips with straw they chiefly produced their fat cattle; though in their case also when any artificial food – cake or corn – was used, they usually gave too much and too long – that is, for profit. Hauptsache: Skill in selecting, – in breeding and buying the store stock – and careful management in feeding them. Dieß subject of 2 papers, one by Mr. George Hope, the other by Mr. Wm M’Combie, read in the Edinburgh Chamber of Agriculture at a recent meeting. Hope said: We must begin with well bred animals, as they fatten easily, have little offal, and get flesh on the parts that fetch the highest prices per lb. Coarse and large boned animals are invariably large consumers of food, while their meat is of less value. Warmth and comfort are of great importance in promoting feeding, and the cattle ought to be separated into small lots. The greater the subdivision or the smaller the number in any one place, so much the better do the animals thrive … ample shed room or cover is indispensable for profitable feeding. „In the Lothians, the cattle feeding was long considered as merely subservient to the production of cereal crops, but from the great change that has taken place in the relative value of grain and butchermeat, crops are more and more grown for the purpose of being converted into butcher meat.“ meat. Foreign substances also, such as linseed and other cakes, |86 white peas and tares, are being used to an extent that 50 years ago would have been thought incredible.“

A piece of grass that will maintain an ox grazing will not keep more than 6 sheep, although as a rule animals generally eat in proportion to their live weight, modified by their age and condition. Sheeps Sheep kept in great numbers on meadows will soon diminish the quantity of the grass produced. In England der Ausdruck „meadows … oversheeped“. In Hertfordshire, on the strong loams, we always found the hay crops to be disappointing whenever sheep were much fed on the meadows. Cattle for meadows, and sheep for arable land, and upland pastures … the practical rule for stock farming.

To return to cattle grazing. The great secret of profitable feeding is to supply the best food at the right time. Hope says: „When an ox is becoming ripe for butcher he gradually eats less and less; he rests more and becomes fatter. And it is at this stage that cattle pay best for linseed cake and rich feeding, and it is most profitable to give it to them without measure. Feeders frequently lose the best part of their profits from selling their stock a month or 6 weeks too soon. An ox may be very good, fat, and readily find a purchaser; but if kept on for another month, or even 2, he would increase more rapidly in weight in proportion to the food consumed than he ever did at any previous stage of his existence, and also from becoming extra quality, he would be worth from 3 to 6d p. stone additional.[“]

„Almost all cattle are sent too soon to the butcher. Cattle grow steadily, and increase in weight until 4 if not 5 years old. But the practice is not even to give them time to attain their natural size, but to force fat on them, as quickly as possible and then off with them to the market.[“] Ferner nöthig: variation in the kind of food – such as potatoes, beans and peas, as well as turnips and oilcakes. … Feeding stock should be kept always improving, and the richest food and greatest warmth and shelter ought to be reserved for the last part of the feeding process.

Aus:
The Economist, 28. Juli 1866. S. 887–889.
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Money Market.

Bk.o.E. 25. June
• Decrease: Circulation 248,985£, Private Deposits £.1,274,170, Priv. Securities 1,009,933
• Increase: Bullion 70,854. Reserve: 229,144.

Bk. Shares. Of the newer cos dull, with, in some instances, a heavy fall.

Financial Shares. Steady.

Failures: Getherton Iron Co. (Birmingham) liab. about 20,000l.

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Aus:
The Economist, 15. Juni 1867. S. 667/668.
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The National Bank System of the U. States.

Um das für den Krieg nöthige Geld beizubringen, Chase offered to capitalists, and others the inducement of large immediate profits für die National Banks undertakers. Z.B. The profit and loss outline of the case stands at presents present thus for any 5 persons setting up a National Bk. on the basis of subscribing $100,000 (20,000l.) in lawful money. (Assume 5$ = 1£.):

1) 20,000l. deposited with the Comptroller in Un. States Bonds, 6%, in coin, equal at present price of gold to, say, 81/2 in greenbacks, will produce annually 1700£ (nämlich 20 000£ à 81/2%). 2) The Comptroller will issue for this deposit 90% of National Bk. notes, say 18,000l.; against these 18,000£ in Notes the Bank must keep 15% of Legal Tenders, or 2,600£, leaving 15,400l. available for advances at, say, the same rate of 81/2% in paper, producing per annum 1309£. (15,400 à 81/2%) 3) The result is, therefore, to give an immediate gross return of over 15% p. annum, or 3,009l, on the 20,000£ put down.

The private bank, started purely on its own credit and connection, has gradually to get out and establish a circulation for its notes. Erst nach mehren Jahren it can command a circulation of such magnitude as to be of importance in the profits of the business. Die National Bank launches at once of the whole of the (virtually) Gvt. Notes received by it from the Comptroller, and for the simple reason that they possess almost all the qualities of a legal Tender note. Daher die rasche multiplication der National Banks, besonders in the more remote parts of the country. The Sub-Treasuries were mere offices or vaults for the safe storage of its revenue collection. Waren in no sense credit institutions. So lange as the Federal Gvt. had a surplus revenue and no public debt, they answered. Nicht so, when  The Economist: a crisis arrived
Schließen the crisis appeared, and Gvt. became borrower on large scale, and by means of the issue of inconvertible paper. It became, then, apparent, apparent that the Secretary of the Treasury was utterly destitute of the appropriate Organisation.  Kommentar von Marx.
Schließen (Had not at his hands a Bank of England, is it not?) There was no central and powerful Bank, and the Sub-Treasuries were warehouses, not places of financial business. Dieß new organisation has all the faults and dangers, and scarcely one of the advantages and safeguards of a chief Federal Bank.

In a table (C) below, we give from the official returns collected by each State, an abstract of the condition of the State Banks at the end of 1862, or rather early in January 1863, a year after the suspension of the cash payments, and just before the passing of the first National Bank Act at the end of Feb. 1863. The number of banks in each state was in no case unmanageable; in New York State f.i., it was 308; in Pennsylvania 94; in Illinois 25; and the local supervision was aided by general local knowledge.

In the 3 groups of states included in the table C, there were 1205 banks, but 998 davon in the 11 commercial and leading States, forming the Eastern and Middle Regions of the Union. Their PerCentage of Assets und Liabilities were:

141

In the cash reserves, appearing here as equal to 12.1%, of the assets, were included, of course, legal tender notes of the Federal Gvt. In actual specie the Banks in the above category seem to have held about 7% of their assets. The Gvt. securities included State Bonds as well as Federal Bonds. In Cash Reserves and Gvt. Securities, the State Banks held very nearly 29.4% of their total assets. The large items on both sides of the account of sums „Due to“ and „Due by“ other Banks, arise from a practice early adopted in all American returns of distinguishing the balances between one set of banks and another, in order to ascertain in some degree with what exactness the system of exchanges was kept up. On the Liability side, the Circulation was only 11.3%, and the Capital paid up was 33.5%. At the end of 1862, the State Banks had so arrived at a condition of no little strength. We find from table C, that in the 5 Middle States, including New York and Pennsylvania, the Circulation was only 5.7% of the liabilities, against 26% in the more remote and less commercial Eastern States, and 32.5% in the still less populous and less wealthy North Western States. Where the facilities and resources of capital and credit are largest, the quantity of circulation is least. The public have to pay for every Note they retain, and, daher, they retain exactly as many as it is worth paying for, and no more. In table D returns of the 261 State Banks existing at the close of 1861 in the 10 Southern States, just before the Civil War. Diese Figures less trustworthy than in table C., from the more scattered nature of the Banks, and the incipient disorders which, in 1861, prevailed in the South. They give, however, forcible evidence of the greater poverty of the South as compared mit dem North in the comperative largeness of the Circulation and Loans, in the Smallness of the Deposits, Reserves, and Gvt. Securities.

A) Six Eastern States: Maine, 69. New Hampshire, 52. Vermont 40; Massachussets 183. Rhode Island 88. Connecticut 75. All: 507.

B) Five Middle States: New York: 308. New Jersey, 52. Pennsylvania, 94. Delaware 5, Maryland 32. Total: 491.

C) Nine North Western States: Illinois, 25; Indiana 37; Ohio 55; Michigan 4; Wisconsin 64; Iowa, 14; Minnesota 7; Kansas 1; Nebraska 1. Total: 207.|

142

Unter

• D) Five Southern States: Virginia (66) North Carolina (31) South Carolina (20) Georgia (28) Florida (2) Total: 147
• E) 5 South Western States: Alabama (8) Louisiana (6) Tennessee (14) Kentucky (44) Missouri (42). Total: 114.

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